IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i13p8048-d853633.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Field Measurement of Central CO 2 Heat Pump Water Heater for Multifamily Retrofit

Author

Listed:
  • Adria Banks

    (Ecotope, Inc., 1917 1st Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, USA)

  • Colin Grist

    (Ecotope, Inc., 1917 1st Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, USA)

  • Jonathan Heller

    (Ecotope, Inc., 1917 1st Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, USA)

  • Hyunwoo Lim

    (College of Architecture, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea)

Abstract

Domestic hot water heating of multifamily buildings accounts for a substantial portion of the energy load of existing buildings. This load is made up of both the energy required to produce hot water and the energy needed to maintain the temperature of the heated water within a building’s distribution piping so that heat can be promptly delivered to building occupants as needed. Properly designed heat pump water heater (HPWH) systems have the ability to improve efficiency in both water heating and temperature control operations. Further, CO 2 heat pump technology reflects a shift away from traditional refrigerants and toward refrigerants with low global warming potential (GWP). In this paper’s case study, a design consisting of multiple CO 2 heat pump water heaters (commonly used in single-family homes) with a novel “swing tank” was proposed to meet the demand for domestic hot water heating and recirculation loop temperature maintenance. The proposed design was applied to the retrofit of a 60-unit, low-rise, multi-family building located in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The purpose of this paper is to verify the performance of the system including the proposed “swing tank” in a centralized SHW system using CO 2 HPWH. It also provides practical information and lessons learned from the retrofit project. Long-term monitoring data showed that the system had a coefficient of performance (COP) of three or greater and provided an average of 20 gallons of hot water per day per apartment. The results of this work indicate that residential-scale CO 2 HPWH equipment and a “swing tank” design can efficiently provide domestic hot water heating and temperature maintenance for mid-sized multifamily buildings.

Suggested Citation

  • Adria Banks & Colin Grist & Jonathan Heller & Hyunwoo Lim, 2022. "Field Measurement of Central CO 2 Heat Pump Water Heater for Multifamily Retrofit," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-18, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:13:p:8048-:d:853633
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/13/8048/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/13/8048/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Atasoy, Erkan & Çetin, Barbaros & Bayer, Özgür, 2022. "Experiment-based optimization of an energy-efficient heat pump integrated water heater for household appliances," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    2. Zheng, Xinye & Wei, Chu & Qin, Ping & Guo, Jin & Yu, Yihua & Song, Feng & Chen, Zhanming, 2014. "Characteristics of residential energy consumption in China: Findings from a household survey," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 126-135.
    3. Yokoyama, Ryohei & Wakui, Tetsuya & Kamakari, Junya & Takemura, Kazuhisa, 2010. "Performance analysis of a CO2 heat pump water heating system under a daily change in a standardized demand," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 718-728.
    4. Yokoyama, Ryohei & Shimizu, Takeshi & Ito, Koichi & Takemura, Kazuhisa, 2007. "Influence of ambient temperatures on performance of a CO2 heat pump water heating system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 388-398.
    5. Treichel, Calene & Cruickshank, Cynthia A., 2021. "Energy analysis of heat pump water heaters coupled with air-based solar thermal collectors in Canada and the United States," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    6. Rajib Uddin Rony & Huojun Yang & Sumathy Krishnan & Jongchul Song, 2019. "Recent Advances in Transcritical CO 2 (R744) Heat Pump System: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-35, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Xu, Xiao Xiao & Chen, Guang Ming & Tang, Li Ming & Zhu, Zhi Jiang, 2012. "Experimental investigation on performance of transcritical CO2 heat pump system with ejector under optimum high-side pressure," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 870-877.
    2. Goto, Hisanori & Goto, Mika & Sueyoshi, Toshiyuki, 2011. "Consumer choice on ecologically efficient water heaters: Marketing strategy and policy implications in Japan," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 195-208, March.
    3. Ohkura, Masashi & Yokoyama, Ryohei & Nakamata, Takuya & Wakui, Tetsuya, 2015. "Numerical analysis on performance enhancement of a CO2 heat pump water heating system by extracting tepid water," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 435-447.
    4. Yang, Jun Lan & Ma, Yi Tai & Li, Min Xia & Hua, Jun, 2010. "Modeling and simulating the transcritical CO2 heat pump system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 4812-4818.
    5. Hu, Bin & Li, Yaoyu & Cao, Feng & Xing, Ziwen, 2015. "Extremum seeking control of COP optimization for air-source transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 361-372.
    6. Zhang, Shaohui & Guo, Qinxin & Smyth, Russell & Yao, Yao, 2022. "Extreme temperatures and residential electricity consumption: Evidence from Chinese households," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    7. Erica Roccatello & Alessandro Prada & Paolo Baggio & Marco Baratieri, 2022. "Analysis of the Influence of Control Strategy and Heating Loads on the Performance of Hybrid Heat Pump Systems for Residential Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-19, January.
    8. Artur Bieniek & Jan Kuchmacz & Karol Sztekler & Lukasz Mika & Ewelina Radomska, 2021. "A New Method of Regulating the Cooling Capacity of a Cooling System with CO 2," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-18, March.
    9. Jiang, Lu & Xue, Bing & Xing, Ran & Chen, Xingpeng & Song, Lan & Wang, Yutao & Coffman, D’Maris & Mi, Zhifu, 2020. "Rural household energy consumption of farmers and herders in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    10. Xie, Lunyu & Yan, Haosheng & Zhang, Shuhan & Wei, Chu, 2020. "Does urbanization increase residential energy use? Evidence from the Chinese residential energy consumption survey 2012," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    11. Hu, Shan & Yan, Da & Cui, Ying & Guo, Siyue, 2016. "Urban residential heating in hot summer and cold winter zones of China—Status, modeling, and scenarios to 2030," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 158-170.
    12. Xiufang Liu & Changhai Liu & Ze Zhang & Liang Chen & Yu Hou, 2017. "Experimental Study on the Performance of Water Source Trans-Critical CO 2 Heat Pump Water Heater," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-14, June.
    13. Zhang, Junyi & Teng, Fei & Zhou, Shaojie, 2020. "The structural changes and determinants of household energy choices and energy consumption in urban China: Addressing the role of building type," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    14. Wang, Na & Fu, Xiaodong & Wang, Shaobin & Yang, Hao & Li, Zhen, 2022. "Convergence characteristics and distribution patterns of residential electricity consumption in China: An urban-rural gap perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PB).
    15. Capuder, Tomislav & Mancarella, Pierluigi, 2014. "Techno-economic and environmental modelling and optimization of flexible distributed multi-generation options," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 516-533.
    16. Xu, Shang & Zhang, Jun, 2023. "The welfare impacts of removing coal subsidies in rural China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    17. Nguyen, Trung Thanh & Nguyen, Thanh-Tung & Hoang, Viet-Ngu & Wilson, Clevo & Managi, Shunsuke, 2019. "Energy transition, poverty and inequality in Vietnam," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 536-548.
    18. Wakui, Tetsuya & Akai, Kazuki & Yokoyama, Ryohei, 2022. "Shrinking and receding horizon approaches for long-term operational planning of energy storage and supply systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PD).
    19. Nguyen, Trung Thanh & Nguyen, Thanh-Tung & Hoang, Viet-Ngu & Wilson, Clevo, 2019. "Energy transition, poverty and inequality: panel evidence from Vietnam," MPRA Paper 107182, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 10 May 2019.
    20. Zhou, Hui & Bukenya, James O., 2016. "Information inefficiency and willingness-to-pay for energy-efficient technology: A stated preference approach for China Energy Label," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 12-21.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:13:p:8048-:d:853633. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.