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Energy analysis of heat pump water heaters coupled with air-based solar thermal collectors in Canada and the United States

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  • Treichel, Calene
  • Cruickshank, Cynthia A.

Abstract

Heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) operate with two to three times the efficiency of electric water heaters, and over three times the efficiency of natural gas water heaters; however, this benefit is accompanied by a secondary space cooling effect that increases space heating costs. To mitigate this, HPWHs may be coupled with solar thermal collectors which preheat inlet air. The objective of this study was to compare the energy performance of HPWHs and solar-assisted HPWHs (SAHPWHs) across Canada and the United States, to determine where the SAHPWH could offset the space heating increase of HPWHs. This was done using an empirical model, with different modelling methods and assumptions that were assessed and compared. It was found that the SAHPWH could fully mitigate the space heating increase throughout winter, while decreasing the space heating load by 1–3%, and during the cooling season, decreasing the space cooling load by 7–15% in all climates studied. This research indicates that HPWHs and SAHPWHs have potential to lead a higher efficiency future, by reducing energy consumption for water heating beyond what is presently achievable with electric and natural gas storage tank water heaters.

Suggested Citation

  • Treichel, Calene & Cruickshank, Cynthia A., 2021. "Energy analysis of heat pump water heaters coupled with air-based solar thermal collectors in Canada and the United States," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:221:y:2021:i:c:s0360544221000505
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.119801
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chua, K.J. & Chou, S.K. & Yang, W.M., 2010. "Advances in heat pump systems: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(12), pages 3611-3624, December.
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    1. Stephen Tangwe & Patrick Mukumba & Golden Makaka, 2023. "An Installed Hybrid Direct Expansion Solar Assisted Heat Pump Water Heater to Monitor and Modeled the Energy Factor of a University Students’ Accommodation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-30, January.
    2. Song, Zhiying & Ji, Jie & Zhang, Yuzhe & Cai, Jingyong, 2023. "Numerical exploration and experimental validation of a tri-generation heat pump system in cooling mode," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    3. Borge-Diez, David & Icaza, Daniel & Trujillo-Cueva, Diego Francisco & Açıkkalp, Emin, 2022. "Renewable energy driven heat pumps decarbonization potential in existing residential buildings: Roadmap and case study of Spain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    4. Song, Zhiying & Ji, Jie & Zhang, Yuzhe & Cai, Jingyong, 2023. "Performance improvement and comparison analysis of the hybrid concentrated dual-source heat pump system regarding proper throttling process," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 24-38.
    5. Adria Banks & Colin Grist & Jonathan Heller & Hyunwoo Lim, 2022. "Field Measurement of Central CO 2 Heat Pump Water Heater for Multifamily Retrofit," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-18, July.
    6. Maturo, Anthony & Buonomano, Annamaria & Athienitis, Andreas, 2022. "Design for energy flexibility in smart buildings through solar based and thermal storage systems: Modelling, simulation and control for the system optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    7. Song, Zhiying & Ji, Jie & Zhang, Yuzhe & Li, Yunhai & Li, Jing & Zhao, Xudong, 2023. "Annual analysis of the photovoltaic direct-expansion heat pump assisted by double condensing equipment for secondary power generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 169-183.
    8. Jiang, Yan & Zhang, Huan & Wang, Yeming & Wang, Yaran & Liu, Minzhang & You, Shijun & Wu, Zhangxiang & Fan, Man & Wei, Shen, 2022. "Research on the operation strategies of the solar assisted heat pump with triangular solar air collector," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
    9. Shucai Bai & Fangyi Li & Wu Xie, 2022. "Green but Unpopular? Analysis on Purchase Intention of Heat Pump Water Heaters in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-19, March.

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