IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i19p10728-d644245.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimal Load Frequency Control of Island Microgrids via a PID Controller in the Presence of Wind Turbine and PV

Author

Listed:
  • Reza Alayi

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Germi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Germi 5651763764, Iran)

  • Farhad Zishan

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology (SUT), Tabriz 5513351996, Iran)

  • Seyed Reza Seyednouri

    (Young Researchers and Elite Club, Germi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Germi 5651763764, Iran)

  • Ravinder Kumar

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India)

  • Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, Iran)

  • Mohsen Sharifpur

    (Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
    Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan)

Abstract

This article studied the load frequency control (LFC) of a multi-source microgrid with the presence of renewable energy sources. To maintain a sustainable power supply, the frequency of the system must be kept constant. A Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller is presented as a secondary controller to control the frequency of the microgrid in island mode, and the integral of squared time multiplied by error squared (ISTES) is used as a performance index. The use of the Craziness-Based Particle Swarm Optimization (CRPSO), which is an improved version of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), improves the convergence speed in optimizing the nonlinear problem of load and frequency controller design. The test microgrid is composed of the load and distributed generation units such as diesel generators, photovoltaics and wind turbines. The proposed controller provided the desired response to adjusting the microgrid frequency, achieving the final response after a short time and making it more stable and less oscillatory compared with the conventional system.

Suggested Citation

  • Reza Alayi & Farhad Zishan & Seyed Reza Seyednouri & Ravinder Kumar & Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi & Mohsen Sharifpur, 2021. "Optimal Load Frequency Control of Island Microgrids via a PID Controller in the Presence of Wind Turbine and PV," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-14, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:19:p:10728-:d:644245
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/19/10728/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/19/10728/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Reza Alayi & Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi & Amir Reza Visei & Shubham Sharma & Atabak Najafi, 2021. "Technical and environmental analysis of photovoltaic and solar water heater cogeneration system: a case study of Saveh City [The role of biogas to sustainable development (aspects environmental, se," International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, Oxford University Press, vol. 16(2), pages 447-453.
    2. Muhyaddin Rawa & Abdullah Abusorrah & Yusuf Al-Turki & Saad Mekhilef & Mostafa H. Mostafa & Ziad M. Ali & Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem, 2020. "Optimal Allocation and Economic Analysis of Battery Energy Storage Systems: Self-Consumption Rate and Hosting Capacity Enhancement for Microgrids with High Renewable Penetration," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-25, December.
    3. Abdullah & Aiman Javed & Junaid Ashraf & Tasir Khan, 2020. "The Impact of Renewable Energy on GDP," International Journal of Management and Sustainability, Conscientia Beam, vol. 9(4), pages 239-250.
    4. Naoui Mohamed & Flah Aymen & Ziad M. Ali & Ahmed F. Zobaa & Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem, 2021. "Efficient Power Management Strategy of Electric Vehicles Based Hybrid Renewable Energy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-20, June.
    5. Bhatt, Praghnesh & Roy, Ranjit & Ghoshal, S.P., 2011. "Dynamic participation of doubly fed induction generator in automatic generation control," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 1203-1213.
    6. Ribó-Pérez, David & Bastida-Molina, Paula & Gómez-Navarro, Tomás & Hurtado-Pérez, Elías, 2020. "Hybrid assessment for a hybrid microgrid: A novel methodology to critically analyse generation technologies for hybrid microgrids," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 874-887.
    7. Hongyue Li & Xihuai Wang & Jianmei Xiao, 2018. "Differential Evolution-Based Load Frequency Robust Control for Micro-Grids with Energy Storage Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-19, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. T. Dharma Raj & C. Kumar & Panos Kotsampopoulos & Hady H. Fayek, 2023. "Load Frequency Control in Two-Area Multi-Source Power System Using Bald Eagle-Sparrow Search Optimization Tuned PID Controller," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-25, February.
    2. Esmanur Uçal & Hasan Yildizhan & Arman Ameen & Zafer Erbay, 2023. "Assessment of Whole Milk Powder Production by a Cumulative Exergy Consumption Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, February.
    3. Amr Saleh & Hany M. Hasanien & Rania A. Turky & Balgynbek Turdybek & Mohammed Alharbi & Francisco Jurado & Walid A. Omran, 2023. "Optimal Model Predictive Control for Virtual Inertia Control of Autonomous Microgrids," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-25, March.
    4. Tanima Bal & Saheli Ray & Nidul Sinha & Ramesh Devarapalli & Łukasz Knypiński, 2023. "Integrating Demand Response for Enhanced Load Frequency Control in Micro-Grids with Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-23, August.
    5. Pranta Das & Shuvra Prokash Biswas & Sudipto Mondal & Md Rabiul Islam, 2023. "Frequency Fluctuation Mitigation in a Single-Area Power System Using LQR-Based Proportional Damping Compensator," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-18, June.
    6. Hasan Yildizhan & Cihan Yıldırım & Shiva Gorjian & Arman Ameen, 2023. "How May New Energy Investments Change the Sustainability of the Turkish Industrial Sector?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-15, January.
    7. Xinghua Liu & Siwei Qiao & Zhiwei Liu, 2023. "A Survey on Load Frequency Control of Multi-Area Power Systems: Recent Challenges and Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-22, February.
    8. Lina Alhmoud, 2023. "Why Does the PV Solar Power Plant Operate Ineffectively?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-38, May.
    9. Waqar Younis & Muhammad Zubair Yameen & Abu Tayab & Hafiz Ghulam Murtza Qamar & Ehab Ghith & Mehdi Tlija, 2024. "Enhancing Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Power System Using Hybrid PSO-AHA Optimizer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-40, August.
    10. Farhad Zishan & Lilia Tightiz & Joon Yoo & Nima Shafaghatian, 2023. "Sustainability of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Wind Turbine Control Strategy in On-Grid Operating Modes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-18, May.
    11. Zhengwei Qu & Waqar Younis & Yunjing Wang & Popov Maxim Georgievitch, 2024. "A Multi-Source Power System’s Load Frequency Control Utilizing Particle Swarm Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-33, January.
    12. Takele Ferede Agajie & Armand Fopah-Lele & Ahmed Ali & Isaac Amoussou & Baseem Khan & Mahmoud Elsisi & Om Prakash Mahela & Roberto Marcelo Álvarez & Emmanuel Tanyi, 2023. "Optimal Sizing and Power System Control of Hybrid Solar PV-Biogas Generator with Energy Storage System Power Plant," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-26, March.
    13. Dong Zhao & Shuyan Sun & Ardashir Mohammadzadeh & Amir Mosavi, 2022. "Adaptive Intelligent Model Predictive Control for Microgrid Load Frequency," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-14, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shahid Nawaz Khan & Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi & Abdullah Altamimi & Zafar A. Khan & Mohammed A. Alghassab, 2022. "Smart Distribution Mechanisms—Part I: From the Perspectives of Planning," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-109, December.
    2. Benavides (Dir. proy.), Juan & Cadena, Ximena & Delgado-Rojas, Martha Elena & García, Helena & García, María Claudia & Medellín, Juan Camilo, 2021. "Asistencia técnica para la implementación del Proyecto de Acción de los NDC en Colombia (UNEP): Entregable 2.2. Informe que contiene los procesos que permitirían la destinación y gestión efectiva de f," Informes de Investigación 21036, Fedesarrollo.
    3. Reza Alayi & Mahdi Mohkam & Seyed Reza Seyednouri & Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi & Mohsen Sharifpur, 2021. "Energy/Economic Analysis and Optimization of On-Grid Photovoltaic System Using CPSO Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-16, November.
    4. Alla Ndiaye & Fabrice Locment & Alexandre De Bernardinis & Manuela Sechilariu & Eduardo Redondo-Iglesias, 2022. "A Techno-Economic Analysis of Energy Storage Components of Microgrids for Improving Energy Management Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, February.
    5. Aparisi-Cerdá, I. & Ribó-Pérez, D. & García-Melón, M. & D’Este, P. & Poveda-Bautista, R., 2024. "Drivers and barriers to the adoption of decentralised renewable energy technologies: A multi-criteria decision analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    6. Naoui Mohamed & Flah Aymen & Abdullah Altamimi & Zafar A. Khan & Sbita Lassaad, 2022. "Power Management and Control of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Photovoltaic, Fuel Cells, and Battery Energy Sources," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-20, February.
    7. Ana Fernández-Guillamón & Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez & Emilio Gómez-Lázaro & Ángel Molina-García, 2018. "Fast Power Reserve Emulation Strategy for VSWT Supporting Frequency Control in Multi-Area Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-20, October.
    8. Kaleem Ullah & Zahid Ullah & Sheraz Aslam & Muhammad Salik Salam & Muhammad Asjad Salahuddin & Muhammad Farooq Umer & Mujtaba Humayon & Haris Shaheer, 2023. "Wind Farms and Flexible Loads Contribution in Automatic Generation Control: An Extensive Review and Simulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-34, July.
    9. B. Srikanth Goud & Ch. Rami Reddy & Mohit Bajaj & Ehab E. Elattar & Salah Kamel, 2021. "Power Quality Improvement Using Distributed Power Flow Controller with BWO-Based FOPID Controller," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-33, October.
    10. Matthew, Chris, 2024. "The multiple benefits of current and potential energy efficiency policies: A Scottish islands case study," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    11. Jaber Alshehri & Muhammad Khalid & Ahmed Alzahrani, 2019. "An Intelligent Battery Energy Storage-Based Controller for Power Quality Improvement in Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-21, June.
    12. Bastida-Molina, Paula & Ribó-Pérez, David & Gómez-Navarro, Tomás & Hurtado-Pérez, Elías, 2022. "What is the problem? The obstacles to the electrification of urban mobility in Mediterranean cities. Case study of Valencia, Spain," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    13. Paulo Rotella Junior & Luiz Célio Souza Rocha & Sandra Naomi Morioka & Ivan Bolis & Gianfranco Chicco & Andrea Mazza & Karel Janda, 2021. "Economic Analysis of the Investments in Battery Energy Storage Systems: Review and Current Perspectives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-29, April.
    14. Emmanuel Hernández-Mayoral & Manuel Madrigal-Martínez & Jesús D. Mina-Antonio & Reynaldo Iracheta-Cortez & Jesús A. Enríquez-Santiago & Omar Rodríguez-Rivera & Gregorio Martínez-Reyes & Edwin Mendoza-, 2023. "A Comprehensive Review on Power-Quality Issues, Optimization Techniques, and Control Strategies of Microgrid Based on Renewable Energy Sources," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-53, June.
    15. Roldán-Blay, Carlos & Escrivá-Escrivá, Guillermo & Roldán-Porta, Carlos & Dasí-Crespo, Daniel, 2023. "Optimal sizing and design of renewable power plants in rural microgrids using multi-objective particle swarm optimization and branch and bound methods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    16. Aparisi-Cerdá, I. & Ribó-Pérez, D. & Gomar-Pascual, J. & Pineda-Soler, J. & Poveda-Bautista, R. & García-Melón, M., 2024. "Assessing gender and climate objectives interactions in urban decarbonisation policies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    17. Ferahtia, Seydali & Houari, Azeddine & Cioara, Tudor & Bouznit, Mohammed & Rezk, Hegazy & Djerioui, Ali, 2024. "Recent advances on energy management and control of direct current microgrid for smart cities and industry: A Survey," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 368(C).
    18. Kamel, Rashad M., 2016. "Standalone micro grid power quality improvement using inertia and power reserves of the wind generation systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 572-584.
    19. Bastida-Molina, Paula & Hurtado-Pérez, Elías & Moros Gómez, María Cristina & Vargas-Salgado, Carlos, 2021. "Multicriteria power generation planning and experimental verification of hybrid renewable energy systems for fast electric vehicle charging stations," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 737-755.
    20. Mohammed M. Alhaider & Ziad M. Ali & Mostafa H. Mostafa & Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem, 2023. "Economic Viability of NaS Batteries for Optimal Microgrid Operation and Hosting Capacity Enhancement under Uncertain Conditions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-24, October.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:19:p:10728-:d:644245. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.