IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jscscx/v13y2024i10p498-d1484167.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Adult Children’s Marital Timing and Upward Intergenerational Financial Transfers: Variation across Gender, Race, and Ethnicity

Author

Listed:
  • Xing Zhang

    (College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA)

  • Anna M. Hammersmith

    (Department of Sociology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA)

Abstract

Marriage is a key adult milestone yet is also considered a greedy institution that monopolizes resources, jeopardizing adult children’s financial transfers to aging parents. As the age at which marriage shifts later into adulthood, this study examines whether marriage still operates as a greedy institution, considering the role of marital timing on upward financial transfers to aging parents. Using data from Waves I–V of Add Health and Wave I of the Add Health Parent Questionnaire from 1994 to 2018, we examined whether timing of marriage (never, early, on time, and late) was associated with adult children’s upward financial transfers to their parents, accounting for variation across gender, race, and ethnicity. Adult children who never married were the largest group who gave upward financial transfers to their aging parents (33%). Results suggested that marriage or timing of marriage was a greedy institution among men, women, white, Hispanic, and Asian adults, but not Black adults, suggesting heterogeneity in the role of marriage on family support.

Suggested Citation

  • Xing Zhang & Anna M. Hammersmith, 2024. "Adult Children’s Marital Timing and Upward Intergenerational Financial Transfers: Variation across Gender, Race, and Ethnicity," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-19, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jscscx:v:13:y:2024:i:10:p:498-:d:1484167
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/13/10/498/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/13/10/498/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Matthijs Kalmijn, 2019. "The Effects of Ageing on Intergenerational Support Exchange: A New Look at the Hypothesis of Flow Reversal," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 35(2), pages 263-284, May.
    2. Royston, Patrick & White, Ian R., 2011. "Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE): Implementation in Stata," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 45(i04).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. William Magee, 2023. "Earnings, Intersectional Earnings Inequality, Disappointment in One’s Life Achievements and Life (Dis)satisfaction," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 373-396, January.
    2. Rouse, Heather L. & Choi, Ji Young & Riser, Quentin H. & Beecher, Constance C., 2020. "Multiple risks, multiple systems, and academic achievement: A nationally representative birth-to-five investigation," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    3. Elena Ellmeier & Melanie Koch & Thomas Scheiber, 2023. "Saving behavior along the income distribution during the COVID-19 pandemic," Focus on European Economic Integration, Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Austrian Central Bank), issue Q1/23, pages 7-21.
    4. Nerea Gómez-Fernández & Mauro Mediavilla, 2018. "Do information and communication technologies (ICT) improve educational outcomes? Evidence for Spain in PISA 2015," Working Papers 2018/20, Institut d'Economia de Barcelona (IEB).
    5. Aina M. Galmes-Panades & Escarlata Angullo & Sofía Mira-Martínez & Miquel Bennasar-Veny & Rocío Zamanillo-Campos & Rocío Gómez-Juanes & Jadwiga Konieczna & Rafael Jiménez & Maria Jesús Serrano-Ripoll , 2022. "Development and Evaluation of a Digital Health Intervention to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care: The PREDIABETEXT Study Protocol for a Randomised Clinical Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-17, November.
    6. Simon Grund & Oliver Lüdtke & Alexander Robitzsch, 2018. "Multiple Imputation of Missing Data at Level 2: A Comparison of Fully Conditional and Joint Modeling in Multilevel Designs," Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, , vol. 43(3), pages 316-353, June.
    7. David Tak Wai Lui & Tingting Wu & Ivan Chi Ho Au & Xiaodong Liu & Matrix Man Him Fung & Chi Ho Lee & Carol Ho Yi Fong & Yu Cho Woo & Brian Hung Hin Lang & Kathryn Choon Beng Tan & Carlos King Ho Wong, 2023. "A Population-Based Study of SGLT2 Inhibitor-Associated Postoperative Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes," Drug Safety, Springer, vol. 46(1), pages 53-64, January.
    8. Nerea Gómez-Fernández & Mauro Mediavilla, 2022. "Factors Influencing Teachers’ Use of ICT in Class: Evidence from a Multilevel Logistic Model," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-29, March.
    9. Zwysen, Wouter, 2013. "Where you go depends on where you come from: the influence of father’s employment status on young adult’s labour market experiences," ISER Working Paper Series 2013-24, Institute for Social and Economic Research.
    10. Masa, Rainier & Khan, Zoheb & Chowa, Gina, 2020. "Youth food insecurity in Ghana and South Africa: Prevalence, socioeconomic correlates, and moderation effect of gender," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    11. Arnaud Lefranc & Tista Kundu, 2020. "Inequality of Opportunity in Indian Society," Working Papers hal-02539364, HAL.
    12. Seuring, Till & Serneels, Pieter & Suhrcke, Marc & Bachmann, Max, 2020. "Diabetes, employment and behavioural risk factors in China: Marginal structural models versus fixed effects models," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    13. Carsten Schröder & Charlotte Bartels & Markus M. Grabka & Johannes König & Martin Kroh & Rainer Siegers, 2020. "A Novel Sampling Strategy for Surveying High Net‐Worth Individuals—A Pretest Application Using the Socio‐Economic Panel," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 66(4), pages 825-849, December.
    14. Zajacova, Anna & Montez, Jennifer Karas, 2018. "Explaining the increasing disability prevalence among mid-life US adults, 2002 to 2016," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 1-8.
    15. David McClendon & Janet Kuo & R. Raley, 2014. "Opportunities to Meet: Occupational Education and Marriage Formation in Young Adulthood," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 51(4), pages 1319-1344, August.
    16. Amanda L. Johnson & Caroline X. Gao & Martine Dennekamp & Grant J. Williamson & David Brown & Matthew T. C. Carroll & Jillian F. Ikin & Anthony Del Monaco & Michael J. Abramson & Yuming Guo, 2019. "Associations between Respiratory Health Outcomes and Coal Mine Fire PM 2.5 Smoke Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-15, November.
    17. Choi, Mi Jin, 2017. "The effects of economic factors on the out-of-home placement for maltreated children," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 40-53.
    18. Álvaro Choi & María Gil & Mauro Mediavilla & Javier Valbuena, 2018. "The Evolution of Educational Inequalities in Spain: Dynamic Evidence from Repeated Cross-Sections," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 138(3), pages 853-872, August.
    19. Zhong, Hua & Hu, Wuyang, 2015. "Farmers’ Willingness to Engage in Best Management Practices: an Application of Multiple Imputation," 2015 Annual Meeting, January 31-February 3, 2015, Atlanta, Georgia 196962, Southern Agricultural Economics Association.
    20. Gee, Kevin A., 2020. "Predictors of special education receipt among child welfare-involved youth," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jscscx:v:13:y:2024:i:10:p:498-:d:1484167. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.