IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jmathe/v11y2023i14p3188-d1198692.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Application of Multivariate Statistical Techniques as an Indicator of Variability of the Effects of COVID-19 on the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control

Author

Listed:
  • Jose Manuel Prieto

    (Department of Maritime Studies, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Víctor Amor-Esteban

    (Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain)

  • David Almorza-Gomar

    (Department of Statistics and Operational Research, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Ignacio Turias

    (Department of Computer Engineering, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Francisco Piniella

    (Department of Maritime Studies, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain)

Abstract

The first pandemic of the 21st Century was declared at the beginning of the year 2020 due to the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Its effects devastated the world economy and greatly affected maritime transport, one of the precursors of globalisation. This paper studies the effects of the pandemic on this type of transport, using data from 23,803 Paris Memorandum of Understanding Port State Control (PSC) inspections conducted in the top 10 major European ports. Comparisons have been made between Pre-COVID (2013–2019) and COVID (2020–2021) years, by way of multivariate methodologies: CO-X-STATIS, X-STATIS, and correspondence tables. The results were striking and indicate a clear change in the conduct of inspections during the COVID period, both quantitatively and qualitatively, showing a drastic reduction in the number of inspections and a change in type, with exhaustive inspections assuming a secondary role. Another notable result came from the use of the same methodology to study the different countries of registry and their evolution within PSC inspections during the Pre-COVID and COVID periods, where different behaviours were identified based on a ship’s flag. These results can help us to determine important supervisory objectives for each country’s maritime administration and their inspectors, to indicate weaknesses in the inspection routines caused by the pandemic, and to attempt corrections to improve maritime safety.

Suggested Citation

  • Jose Manuel Prieto & Víctor Amor-Esteban & David Almorza-Gomar & Ignacio Turias & Francisco Piniella, 2023. "Application of Multivariate Statistical Techniques as an Indicator of Variability of the Effects of COVID-19 on the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(14), pages 1-22, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2023:i:14:p:3188-:d:1198692
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/14/3188/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/14/3188/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jose Manuel Prieto & Victor Amor & Ignacio Turias & David Almorza & Francisco Piniella, 2021. "Evaluation of Paris MoU Maritime Inspections Using a STATIS Approach," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(17), pages 1-13, August.
    2. Kevin X. Li & Haisha Zheng, 2008. "Enforcement of law by the Port State Control (PSC)," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(1), pages 61-71, February.
    3. Wang, Shuaian & Yan, Ran & Qu, Xiaobo, 2019. "Development of a non-parametric classifier: Effective identification, algorithm, and applications in port state control for maritime transportation," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 129-157.
    4. Knapp, Sabine & Franses, Philip Hans, 2007. "Econometric analysis on the effect of port state control inspections on the probability of casualty: Can targeting of substandard ships for inspections be improved?," Marine Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(4), pages 550-563, July.
    5. Sabine Knapp & Philip Hans Franses, 2007. "A global view on port state control: econometric analysis of the differences across port state control regimes," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(5), pages 453-482, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jose Manuel Prieto & Victor Amor & Ignacio Turias & David Almorza & Francisco Piniella, 2021. "Evaluation of Paris MoU Maritime Inspections Using a STATIS Approach," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(17), pages 1-13, August.
    2. Xiao, Yi & Qi, Guanqiu & Jin, Mengjie & Yuen, Kum Fai & Chen, Zhuo & Li, Kevin X., 2021. "Efficiency of Port State Control inspection regimes: A comparative study," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 165-172.
    3. Xiao, Yi & Wang, Grace & Ge, Ying-En & Xu, Qinyi & Li, Kevin X., 2021. "Game model for a new inspection regime of port state control under different reward and punishment conditions," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    4. Wang, Yuhong & Zhang, Fan & Yang, Zhisen & Yang, Zaili, 2021. "Incorporation of deficiency data into the analysis of the dependency and interdependency among the risk factors influencing port state control inspection," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    5. Yang, Zhisen & Yang, Zaili & Yin, Jingbo, 2018. "Realising advanced risk-based port state control inspection using data-driven Bayesian networks," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 38-56.
    6. Wang, Shuaian & Yan, Ran & Qu, Xiaobo, 2019. "Development of a non-parametric classifier: Effective identification, algorithm, and applications in port state control for maritime transportation," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 129-157.
    7. Yan, Ran & Wang, Shuaian & Fagerholt, Kjetil, 2020. "A semi-“smart predict then optimize” (semi-SPO) method for efficient ship inspection," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 100-125.
    8. Esma Gül Emecen Kara, 2016. "Risk Assessment in the Istanbul Strait Using Black Sea MOU Port State Control Inspections," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(4), pages 1-17, April.
    9. Yan, Ran & Mo, Haoyu & Guo, Xiaomeng & Yang, Ying & Wang, Shuaian, 2022. "Is port state control influenced by the COVID-19? Evidence from inspection data," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 82-103.
    10. Yang, Zaili & Ng, Adolf K.Y. & Wang, Jin, 2014. "A new risk quantification approach in port facility security assessment," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 72-90.
    11. Yang, Zhisen & Yang, Zaili & Teixeira, Angelo Palos, 2020. "Comparative analysis of the impact of new inspection regime on port state control inspection," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 65-80.
    12. Yang, Zhisen & Wan, Chengpeng & Yu, Qing & Yin, Jingbo & Yang, Zaili, 2023. "A machine learning-based Bayesian model for predicting the duration of ship detention in PSC inspection," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    13. Fan, Lixian & Luo, Meifeng & Yin, Jinbo, 2014. "Flag choice and Port State Control inspections—Empirical evidence using a simultaneous model," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 350-357.
    14. Helena Ukić Boljat & Merica Slišković & Igor Jelaska & Anita Gudelj & Gorana Jelić Mrčelić, 2020. "Analysis of Pollution Related Deficiencies Identified through PSC Inspections for the Period 2014–2018," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-13, July.
    15. Knapp, S. & Bijwaard, G.E. & Heij, C., 2010. "Estimated Incident Cost Savings in Shipping Due to Inspections," Econometric Institute Research Papers EI 2010-28, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Economics (ESE), Econometric Institute.
    16. Fan, Lixian & Zhang, Meng & Yin, Jingbo & Zhang, Jinfen, 2022. "Impacts of dynamic inspection records on port state control efficiency using Bayesian network analysis," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    17. Yang, Zhisen & Yu, Qing & Yang, Zaili & Wan, Chengpeng, 2024. "A data-driven Bayesian model for evaluating the duration of detention of ships in PSC inspections," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 181(C).
    18. Armando Graziano & Pierre Cariou & François-Charles Wolff & Maximo Mejia & Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs, 2017. "Port state control inspections in the European Union: Do inspector's number and background matter?," Working Papers halshs-01649418, HAL.
    19. Graziano, Armando & Mejia, Maximo Q. & Schröder-Hinrichs, Jens-Uwe, 2018. "Achievements and challenges on the implementation of the European Directive on Port State Control," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 97-108.
    20. Heij, C. & Bijwaard, G.E. & Knapp, S., 2010. "Ship Inspection Strategies: Effects on Maritime Safety and Environmental Protection," Econometric Institute Research Papers EI 2010-33, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Economics (ESE), Econometric Institute.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2023:i:14:p:3188-:d:1198692. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.