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An Examination of Multidimensional Time Perspective and Mental Health Outcomes

Author

Listed:
  • Julia Moon

    (Psychology Department, College of Science & Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA)

  • Rebecca J. Lieber

    (Psychology Department, College of Science & Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA)

  • Ilke Bayazitli

    (Psychology Department, College of Science & Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA)

  • Zena R. Mello

    (Psychology Department, College of Science & Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA)

Abstract

We examined the associations between time perspective and mental health outcomes ( N = 337; M age = 22.74, SD age = 5.59; 76% female). Time perspective included multiple dimensions (feelings, frequency, orientation, and relation) and time periods (past, present, and future). Mental health outcomes included depressive symptoms, anxiety, and rumination. To demonstrate the reliability of the time perspective scales, test–retest analyses were completed. Multivariate analyses showed that (a) positive feelings about time were associated with lower anxiety; (b) negative feelings about time were associated with greater anxiety; and (c) more frequent thoughts about the past were associated with greater depressive symptoms and anxiety. Associations remained when controlling for anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively. Moreover, (a) positive feelings about time were associated with lower rumination; (b) negative feelings about time were associated with greater rumination; and (c) more frequent thoughts about the past were associated with greater rumination. Time perspective scales yielded scores that were moderate to high in test–retest reliability. Findings demonstrate the value of examining separate time perspective dimensions and time periods. Results highlight the role of time perspective in mental health interventions for adults.

Suggested Citation

  • Julia Moon & Rebecca J. Lieber & Ilke Bayazitli & Zena R. Mello, 2023. "An Examination of Multidimensional Time Perspective and Mental Health Outcomes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-14, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:6:p:4688-:d:1089693
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Fotios Anagnostopoulos & Fay Griva, 2012. "Exploring Time Perspective in Greek Young Adults: Validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and Relationships with Mental Health Indicators," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 106(1), pages 41-59, March.
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