IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v20y2023i5p4651-d1088945.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Associations between Coronavirus and Immune Response, Cardiorespiratory Fitness Rehabilitation and Physical Activity: A Brief Report

Author

Listed:
  • Sandra Silva-Santos

    (Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4500-708 Penafiel, Portugal
    CI-ISCE/ISCE Douro, 4500-708 Penafiel, Portugal
    Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT-IPVC), Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, 4960-320 Viana do Castelo, Portugal)

  • António M. Monteiro

    (Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
    Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal)

  • Tiago M. Barbosa

    (Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
    Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal)

  • José E. Teixeira

    (Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
    Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
    Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal)

  • Luís Branquinho

    (Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4500-708 Penafiel, Portugal
    CI-ISCE/ISCE Douro, 4500-708 Penafiel, Portugal
    Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal)

  • Ricardo Ferraz

    (Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
    Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal)

  • Pedro Forte

    (Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4500-708 Penafiel, Portugal
    CI-ISCE/ISCE Douro, 4500-708 Penafiel, Portugal
    Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
    Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal)

Abstract

COVID-19 has serious effects on cardiorespiratory capacity. In this sense, physical activity has been identified as beneficial in the treatment of cardiorespiratory diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive benefits. To date, no study has been found on cardiorespiratory capacity and rehabilitation in patients cured after COVID-19. Thus, this brief report aims to relate the benefits of physical activity to cardiorespiratory function after COVID-19. It is important to know how different levels of physical activity can be related to the different symptoms of COVID-19. In view of this, the objectives of this brief report were to: (1) explore the theoretical associations between COVID-19 symptoms and physical activity; (2) compare the cardiorespiratory function of non-COVID-19 participants and post-COVID-19 patients; and (3) propose a physical activity program to improve the cardiorespiratory fitness of post-COVID-19 patients. Thus, we note that moderate-intensity physical activity (i.e., walking) has a greater beneficial effect on immune function, whereas vigorous activity (i.e., marathon running) tends to temporarily reduce immune function through an imbalance of cytokine types I and II in the hours and days after exercise. However, there is no consensus in the literature in this regard, since other investigations suggest that high-intensity training can also be beneficial, not causing clinically relevant immunosuppression. Physical activity has been shown to be beneficial in improving the clinical conditions most frequently associated with severe COVID-19. Thus, it is possible to infer that physically active individuals seem to be less exposed to the dangers of severe COVID-19 compared to non-active individuals through the benefits of physical activity in strengthening the immune system and fighting infections. The current study demonstrates that physical activity appears to be beneficial in improving the clinical conditions most often associated with severe COVID-19.

Suggested Citation

  • Sandra Silva-Santos & António M. Monteiro & Tiago M. Barbosa & José E. Teixeira & Luís Branquinho & Ricardo Ferraz & Pedro Forte, 2023. "Associations between Coronavirus and Immune Response, Cardiorespiratory Fitness Rehabilitation and Physical Activity: A Brief Report," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-11, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4651-:d:1088945
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/5/4651/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/5/4651/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jia Yang & Xiang Li & Taiyu He & Fangyuan Ju & Ye Qiu & Zuguo Tian, 2022. "Impact of Physical Activity on COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-12, October.
    2. Mengfei Li & Qianhui Wang & Jing Shen, 2022. "The Impact of Physical Activity on Mental Health during COVID-19 Pandemic in China: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-17, May.
    3. Mélina Bailly & Léna Pélissier & Emmanuel Coudeyre & Bertrand Evrard & Rea Bingula & Corinne Rochette & Laurent Mériade & Christelle Blavignac & Anne-Cécile Fournier & Yves-Jean Bignon & Fabrice Ranno, 2022. "Systematic Review of COVID-19-Related Physical Activity-Based Rehabilitations: Benefits to Be Confirmed by More Robust Methodological Approaches," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-17, July.
    4. Murray, Jennifer M. & Brennan, Sarah F. & French, David P. & Patterson, Christopher C. & Kee, Frank & Hunter, Ruth F., 2017. "Effectiveness of physical activity interventions in achieving behaviour change maintenance in young and middle aged adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 125-133.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Regina Kuppen & Mirjam de Leede & Jolanda Lindenberg & David van Bodegom, 2023. "Collective Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases in an Ageing Population with Community Care," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-14, February.
    2. Qingyuan Luo & Peng Zhang & Yijia Liu & Xiujie Ma & George Jennings, 2022. "Intervention of Physical Activity for University Students with Anxiety and Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic Prevention and Control Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-20, November.
    3. Ana Paula Coelho Figueira Freire & Shaan Amin & Fabio Santos Lira & Ana Elisa von Ah Morano & Telmo Pereira & Manuel-João Coelho-E-Silva & Armando Caseiro & Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro & Vaness, 2023. "Autonomic Function Recovery and Physical Activity Levels in Post-COVID-19 Young Adults after Immunization: An Observational Follow-Up Case-Control Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-16, January.
    4. Vanessa G. Macintyre & Sarah Cotterill & Jamie Anderson & Chris Phillipson & Jack S. Benton & David P. French, 2019. "“I Would Never Come Here Because I’ve Got My Own Garden”: Older Adults’ Perceptions of Small Urban Green Spaces," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-18, June.
    5. Kroencke, Lara & Harari, Gabriella M. & Katana, Marko & Gosling, Samuel D., 2019. "Personality trait predictors and mental well-being correlates of exercise frequency across the academic semester," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 1-1.
    6. Diarmaid Ó Ceallaigh & Kirsten I.M. Rohde & Hans van Kippersluis, 2024. "Skipping your workout, again? Measuring and understanding time inconsistency in physical activity," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 24-028/V, Tinbergen Institute.
    7. Wan Nie & Antonieta Medina-Lara & Hywel Williams & Richard Smith, 2021. "Do Health, Environmental and Ethical Concerns Affect Purchasing Behavior? A Meta-Analysis and Narrative Review," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-24, October.
    8. Reisgies, Helena & Shukri, Arim & Scheckel, Benjamin & Karasch, Olaf & Wiesen, Daniel & Stock, Stephanie & Müller, Dirk, 2023. "Effectiveness of behavioural economics-informed interventions to promote physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 338(C).
    9. Javier Zaragoza Casterad & Javier Sevil-Serrano & Julien E. Bois & Eduardo Generelo & Léna Lhuisset & Alberto Aibar-Solana, 2019. "Centre for the Promotion of Physical Activity and Health (CAPAS-City): A Pyrenean Cross-Cultural Structure to Lead the Way in the Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Multilevel Physical Activity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-19, September.
    10. Xenia Fischer & Jan-Niklas Kreppke & Lukas Zahner & Markus Gerber & Oliver Faude & Lars Donath, 2019. "Telephone-Based Coaching and Prompting for Physical Activity: Short- and Long-Term Findings of a Randomized Controlled Trial (Movingcall)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-16, July.
    11. Anna Mazur & Elżbieta Bartoń, 2022. "The Structure of the Relationship between Physical Activity and Psychosocial Functioning of Women and Men during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-22, September.
    12. Giulia Di Martino & Marco Centorbi & Andrea Buonsenso & Giovanni Fiorilli & Carlo della Valle & Giuseppe Calcagno & Enzo Iuliano & Alessandra di Cagno, 2024. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 4 Years after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Adolescents with Different Levels of Physical Activity Engagement: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(8), pages 1-9, July.
    13. Stefan Kaltschik & Christoph Pieh & Rachel Dale & Thomas Probst & Barbara Pammer & Elke Humer, 2022. "Assessment of the Long-Term Mental Health Effects on Austrian Students after COVID-19 Restrictions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-13, October.
    14. Katrin Müller & Iris Poppele & Marcel Ottiger & Katharina Zwingmann & Ivo Berger & Andreas Thomas & Alois Wastlhuber & Franziska Ortwein & Anna-Lena Schultz & Anna Weghofer & Eva Wilhelm & Rainer-Chri, 2023. "Impact of Rehabilitation on Physical and Neuropsychological Health of Patients Who Acquired COVID-19 in the Workplace," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-21, January.
    15. Clemens Ley, 2020. "Participation Motives of Sport and Exercise Maintainers: Influences of Age and Gender," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-13, October.
    16. Antonio Fernández-Martínez & Raquel Pérez-Ordás & Román Nuviala & Mónica Aznar & Ana María Porcel-Gálvez & Alberto Nuviala, 2020. "Communication as a Strategy to Promote Sports and Health Activities Designed for Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-13, July.
    17. Elena Ioana Iconaru & Emilian Tarcau & Manuela Mihaela Ciucurel & Liviu Draghici & Constantin Ciucurel, 2023. "The Relationship between Physical Activity Level and Sociodemographic Factors in Romanian Adults in the Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Period," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-17, September.
    18. Amy Davies & David P. French & Angela Devereux-Fitzgerald & Elisabeth Boulton & Chris Todd & Chris Phillipson & Laura J. McGowan & Rachael Powell, 2021. "How Do Decision Makers and Service Providers Experience Participatory Approaches to Developing and Implementing Physical Activity Interventions with Older Adults? A Thematic Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-12, February.
    19. Stefano Ciriminna & Nicola Veronese & Claudia Cannizzo & Alessandro D’Aleo & Antonina Ganci & Sofia Elena Montana Lampo & Federica Bifara & Giuseppe Battaglia & Giuseppe Messina & Valerio Giustino & A, 2024. "Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions in Sedentary People during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-15, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4651-:d:1088945. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.