IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v20y2023i3p2384-d1050218.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) of PM 2.5 in Lahore, Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Mushtaq Ahmad

    (State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
    Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand)

  • Jing Chen

    (State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)

  • Qing Yu

    (State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)

  • Muhammad Tariq Khan

    (State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
    Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, New Territories, Hong Kong, China)

  • Syed Weqas Ali

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan)

  • Asim Nawab

    (State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)

  • Worradorn Phairuang

    (Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan)

  • Sirima Panyametheekul

    (Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
    Thailand Network Centre on Air Quality Management: TAQM, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
    Research Unit: HAUS IAQ, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand)

Abstract

Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are an emerging pollutant and source of oxidative stress. Samples of PM 2.5 were collected at the urban sites of Lahore in both winter and summertime of 2019. The chemical composition of PM 2.5 , EPRF concentration, OH radical generation, and risk assessment of EPFRs in PM 2.5 were evaluated. The average concentration of PM 2.5 in wintertime and summertime in Lahore is 15 and 4.6 times higher than the national environmental quality standards (NEQS) of Pakistan and WHO. The dominant components of PM 2.5 are carbonaceous species. The concentration of EPFRs and reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as OH radicals, is higher in the winter than in the summertime. The secondary inorganic ions do not contribute to the generation of OH radicals, although the contribution of SO 4 2+ , NO 3 − , and NH 4 + to the mass concentration of PM 2.5 is greater in summertime. The atmospheric EPFRs are used to evaluate the exposure risk. The EPFRs in PM 2.5 and cigarette smoke have shown similar toxicity to humans. In winter and summer, the residents of Lahore inhaled the amount of EPFRs equivalent to 4.0 and 0.6 cigarettes per person per day, respectively. Compared to Joaquin County, USA, the residents of Lahore are 1.8 to 14.5 times more exposed to EPFRs in summer and wintertime. The correlation analysis of atmospheric EPFRs (spin/m 3 ) and carbonaceous species of PM 2.5 indicates that coal combustion, biomass burning, and vehicle emissions are the possible sources of EPFRs in the winter and summertime. In both winter and summertime, metallic and carbonaceous species correlated well with OH radical generation, suggesting that vehicular emissions, coal combustion, and industrial emissions contributed to the OH radical generation. The study’s findings provide valuable information and data for evaluating the potential health effects of EPFRs in South Asia and implementing effective air pollution control strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Mushtaq Ahmad & Jing Chen & Qing Yu & Muhammad Tariq Khan & Syed Weqas Ali & Asim Nawab & Worradorn Phairuang & Sirima Panyametheekul, 2023. "Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) of PM 2.5 in Lahore, Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-16, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2384-:d:1050218
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/2384/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/2384/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo & Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu & Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola & Raymond Paul Hunter, 2016. "Health Outcomes of Exposure to Biological and Chemical Components of Inhalable and Respirable Particulate Matter," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-22, June.
    2. Prakash Thangavel & Duckshin Park & Young-Chul Lee, 2022. "Recent Insights into Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 )-Mediated Toxicity in Humans: An Overview," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-22, June.
    3. Min-Suk Kim & Mi Jeong Park & Jeong Hwa Yang & Sang-Hwan Lee, 2019. "Human Health Risk Assessment for Toxic Trace Elements in the Yaro Mine and Reclamation Options," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-10, December.
    4. Xiuyun Yang & Mamattursun Eziz & Adila Hayrat & Xiaofei Ma & Wei Yan & Kaixuan Qian & Jiaxin Li & Yuan Liu & Yifan Wang, 2022. "Heavy Metal Pollution and Risk Assessment of Surface Dust in the Arid NW China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-21, October.
    5. Haseeb Tufail Moryani & Shuqiong Kong & Jiangkun Du & Jianguo Bao, 2020. "Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Accumulated on PM 2.5 Fractioned Road Dust from Two Cities of Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-21, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Agatha Anak Sibuar & Nur Syahirah Zulkafflee & Jinap Selamat & Mohd Razi Ismail & Soo Yee Lee & Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis, 2022. "Quantitative Analysis and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Paddy Plants Collected from Perak, Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-19, January.
    2. Bassam Tawabini & Mubarak Al-Enazi & Mansour A. Alghamdi & Ashraf Farahat & Ahsan M. Shemsi & Marwan Y. Al Sharif & Mamdouh I. Khoder, 2023. "Potentially Harmful Elements Associated with Dust of Mosques: Pollution Status, Sources, and Human Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-30, February.
    3. I Gede Nyoman Mindra Jaya & Henk Folmer, 2024. "High-Resolution Spatiotemporal Forecasting with Missing Observations Including an Application to Daily Particulate Matter 2.5 Concentrations in Jakarta Province, Indonesia," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-29, September.
    4. Denis Vinnikov & Zhanna Romanova & Aizhan Raushanova & Arailym Beisbekova & Ermanno Vitale & Gulnar Bimuratova & Venerando Rapisarda, 2023. "Exposure to Respirable Particulate Matter and Its Association with Respiratory Outcomes in Beauty Salon Personnel," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-10, January.
    5. Meshach Tang & Taghi Miri & Fakhteh Soltani & Helen Onyeaka & Zainab T. Al-Sharify, 2024. "Life Cycle Assessment of Plant-Based vs. Beef Burgers: A Case Study in the UK," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-24, May.
    6. Juan Sebastian Pino & Pedro Nel Alvarado & Winston Rojas & Karen Cacua & Natalia Gomez-Lopera, 2024. "Assessment of Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Induced by Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEPs) on Cell Line A549 and the Potential Role of Amide-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes as Fuel Additive," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-29, September.
    7. Martina Cattaneo & Carlota Tayà & Laura Burgos & Lluis Morey & Joan Noguerol & Giorgio Provolo & Míriam Cerrillo & August Bonmatí, 2023. "Assessing Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Manure Storage: Comparison of Measurements with Dynamic and Static Chambers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-14, November.
    8. Barouch Giechaskiel, 2018. "Solid Particle Number Emission Factors of Euro VI Heavy-Duty Vehicles on the Road and in the Laboratory," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-24, February.
    9. Zhen Wang & Jianguo Bao & Tong Wang & Haseeb Tufail Moryani & Wei Kang & Jin Zheng & Changlin Zhan & Wensheng Xiao, 2021. "Hazardous Heavy Metals Accumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Different Vegetable Species in Contaminated Soils from a Typical Mining City, Central China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-18, March.
    10. Yumara Martín-Cruz & Álvaro Gómez-Losada, 2023. "Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Metals on Atmospheric Particulate Matter in a Suburban Background Area of Gran Canaria (Spain)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-18, May.
    11. Nargiza Kavsar & Mamattursun Eziz & Nazupar Sidikjan, 2023. "Pollution and Health Risk Assessment of Hazardous Elements in Surface Dust along an Urbanization Gradient," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-13, August.
    12. Selamawit Hirpa & Noreen Dadirai Mdege & Terefe Gelibo Argefa & Yifokire Tefera & Selam Abraham Kassa & Winnie Awuor & Wakgari Deressa, 2024. "Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Results of Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) Measurements at Hospitality Venues in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(8), pages 1-12, July.
    13. Egide Kalisa & Stephen Archer & Edward Nagato & Elias Bizuru & Kevin Lee & Ning Tang & Stephen Pointing & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Donnabella Lacap-Bugler, 2019. "Chemical and Biological Components of Urban Aerosols in Africa: Current Status and Knowledge Gaps," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-21, March.
    14. Gabriela Martins Costa Gomes & Wilfried Karmaus & Vanessa E. Murphy & Peter G. Gibson & Elizabeth Percival & Philip M. Hansbro & Malcolm R. Starkey & Joerg Mattes & Adam M. Collison, 2021. "Environmental Air Pollutants Inhaled during Pregnancy Are Associated with Altered Cord Blood Immune Cell Profiles," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-16, July.
    15. Pura Marín-Sanleandro & María José Delgado-Iniesta & Anthony Felipe Sáenz-Segovia & Antonio Sánchez-Navarro, 2023. "Spatial Identification and Hotspots of Ecological Risk from Heavy Metals in Urban Dust in the City of Cartagena, SE Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-20, December.
    16. Wenbing Luo & Zhongping Deng & Shihu Zhong & Mingjun Deng, 2022. "Trends, Issues and Future Directions of Urban Health Impact Assessment Research: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-23, May.
    17. Yaxuan Xie & Kejian Shi & Yuncong Yuan & Meijia Gu & Shihan Zhang & Kai Wang & Liangying Fu & Chao Shen & Zhanpeng Yuan, 2023. "Bibliometric Analysis Reveals the Progress of PM 2.5 in Health Research, Especially in Cancer Research," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-12, January.
    18. Lu Zhou & Yingmin Tao & Xiaozhen Su & Xiyin Chen & Liang Li & Qingyan Fu & Juan Xie & Renjie Chen, 2022. "Short-Term Associations between Size-Fractioned Particles and Cardiopulmonary Function in COPD Patients: A Panel Study in Shanghai, China, during 2014–2021," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-12, September.
    19. Hyeon-Ju Oh & Yoohan Ma & Jongbok Kim, 2020. "Human Inhalation Exposure to Aerosol and Health Effect: Aerosol Monitoring and Modelling Regional Deposited Doses," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-18, March.
    20. Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo & Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu & Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola & Tshifhiwa Godobedzha, 2019. "Biological Composition of Respirable Particulate Matter in an Industrial Vicinity in South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-14, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2384-:d:1050218. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.