IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i19p12946-d937698.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Geo-Economic Linkages between China and the Countries along the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road and Their Types

Author

Listed:
  • Wei Hu

    (College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China)

  • Yuejing Ge

    (Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)

  • Zhiding Hu

    (Institute for Global Innovation and Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China)

  • Shuai Ye

    (School of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China)

  • Feng Yang

    (School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China)

  • Haining Jiang

    (College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China)

  • Kun Hou

    (School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China)

  • Yun Deng

    (College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China)

Abstract

With the advances of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the geo-economic interactions between China and countries along the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road counties (MSRCs) continue to increase, and analyzing the geo-economic relations between China and the MSRCs is extremely important for a scientific understanding of bilateral geo-economic cooperation. Differently from the traditional logic of geo-economic competition and cooperation, we constructed a new framework based on the dominant factors of geo-economic relations and used an extreme random forest regression model to classify the geo-economic relation types between China and MSRCs from 2006 to 2017. The results show that the unbalanced development of investment and trade between China and MSRCs hindered the enhancement of the intensity of bilateral geo-economic linkage from 2006 to 2017. The “Matthew effect” of China’s geo-economic flow linkage with MSRCs is significant. There are obvious differences in the dominant factors affecting the types of geo-economic relations between China and MSRCs, and the distribution of the importance of the indices of the types of geo-economic relations in each country is disordered. Geopolitics, markets, and resources have played important roles in the geo-economic linkages between China and MSRCs. There are five types of geo-economic relations between China and the MSRCs: market-oriented type, resource-oriented type, market-resource-oriented type, market-geopolitics-oriented type, and resource-geopolitics-oriented type, of which the market-oriented type is the most important type of geo-economic relations. In the future, China should focus on regional powers along the Maritime Silk Road for bilateral geo-economic cooperation, actively promote the balanced development of bilateral geo-economic elements flows, strengthen geopolitical cooperation with MSRCs, and formulate cooperation plans according to the types of geo-economic relations.

Suggested Citation

  • Wei Hu & Yuejing Ge & Zhiding Hu & Shuai Ye & Feng Yang & Haining Jiang & Kun Hou & Yun Deng, 2022. "Geo-Economic Linkages between China and the Countries along the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road and Their Types," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-28, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:19:p:12946-:d:937698
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/19/12946/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/19/12946/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mikael Wigell, 2016. "Conceptualizing regional powers’ geoeconomic strategies: neo-imperialism, neo-mercantilism, hegemony, and liberal institutionalism," Asia Europe Journal, Springer, vol. 14(2), pages 135-151, June.
    2. Shengbing He & Huilin Yao & Zhou Ji, 2021. "Direct and Indirect Effects of Business Environment on BRI Countries’ Global Value Chain Upgrading," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-16, November.
    3. Krugman, Paul R., 1979. "Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 9(4), pages 469-479, November.
    4. Yasir Khan & Qiu Bin & Taimoor Hassan, 2019. "The impact of climate changes on agriculture export trade in Pakistan: Evidence from time‐series analysis," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(4), pages 1568-1589, December.
    5. Kaho YU, 2018. "Energy cooperation in the Belt and Road Initiative: EU experience of the Trans-European Networks for Energy," Asia Europe Journal, Springer, vol. 16(3), pages 251-265, September.
    6. Chen, Natalie, 2004. "Intra-national versus international trade in the European Union: why do national borders matter?," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(1), pages 93-118, May.
    7. Peter Egger, 2002. "An Econometric View on the Estimation of Gravity Models and the Calculation of Trade Potentials," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(2), pages 297-312, February.
    8. Zhi Wang, 2001. "The impact of China’s WTO accession on trade and economic relations across the Taiwan Strait," The Economics of Transition, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, vol. 9(3), pages 743-785, November.
    9. Mikko Huotari & Sandra Heep, 2016. "Learning geoeconomics: China’s experimental financial and monetary initiatives," Asia Europe Journal, Springer, vol. 14(2), pages 153-171, June.
    10. Chandra, Piyush & Long, Cheryl, 2013. "Anti-dumping Duties and their Impact on Exporters: Firm Level Evidence from China," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 169-186.
    11. Wei Hu & Yuejing Ge & Qin Dang & Yu Huang & Yuan Hu & Shuai Ye & Shufang Wang, 2020. "Analysis of the Development Level of Geo-Economic Relations between China and Countries along the Belt and Road," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-21, January.
    12. Zhenghui Zhu & Li Wang & Wanbo Liu & Dewei Qi, 2020. "Relationship between Urban Economic Connections and Geoeconomic Relations in Northeast China," Complexity, Hindawi, vol. 2020, pages 1-12, August.
    13. Lingge Zhang & Meifeng Luo & Dong Yang & Kevin Li, 2018. "Impacts of trade liberalization on Chinese economy with Belt and Road initiative," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(3), pages 301-318, April.
    14. Chandra, Piyush, 2016. "Impact of temporary trade barriers: Evidence from China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 24-48.
    15. Ramon Pacheco Pardo, 2018. "Europe’s financial security and Chinese economic statecraft: the case of the Belt and Road Initiative," Asia Europe Journal, Springer, vol. 16(3), pages 237-250, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Pandey, Dharen Kumar & Lucey, Brian M. & Kumar, Satish, 2023. "Border disputes, conflicts, war, and financial markets research: A systematic review," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    2. Chia-Nan Wang & Nhat-Luong Nhieu & Chun-Ming Chen, 2024. "Charting sustainable logistics on the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road: a DEA-based approach enhanced by risk considerations through prospect theory," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-12, December.
    3. Wenshuang Zhao & Nan Jiang & Yuanyuan Wei & Xinke Zhao, 2023. "Geo-Economic Analysis Based on an Improved Ant Colony Optimization," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-25, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Festus Ebo Turkson, 2012. "Trade Agreements and Bilateral Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa: Estimating the Trade Effects of the EU-ACP PTA and RTAs," Discussion Papers 12/07, University of Nottingham, CREDIT.
    2. Nuria Gallego & Carlos Llano, 2014. "The Border Effect and the Nonlinear Relationship between Trade and Distance," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(5), pages 1016-1048, November.
    3. Septiyas Trisilia, Mustika & Widodo, Tri, 2019. "Impacts of China Coal Import Tariff against US on Global Economy and CO2 Emissions," MPRA Paper 91231, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Huang, Kenneth G. & Jia, Nan & Ge, Yeyanran, 2024. "Forced to innovate? Consequences of United States' anti-dumping sanctions on innovations of Chinese exporters," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(1).
    5. Evelyn S. Devadason & Shujaat Mubarik, 2020. "ASEAN and the EU: an assessment of interregional trade potentials," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 17(3), pages 705-726, July.
    6. Xuqian Hu & Canfei He, 2020. "Nontariff measures, trade deflection, and market expansion of exporters in China," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 51(3), pages 932-953, September.
    7. Felix L. Friedt & Wesley W. Wilson, 2020. "Trade, transport costs and trade imbalances: An empirical examination of international markets and backhauls," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 53(2), pages 592-636, May.
    8. Lukas Mohler & Michael Seitz, 2012. "The gains from variety in the European Union," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 148(3), pages 475-500, September.
    9. Ben Shepherd, 2012. "The Gravity Model of International Trade: A User Guide," ARTNeT Books and Research Reports, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), number brr11.
    10. Zhang, Hongyong, 2018. "Political connections and antidumping investigations: Evidence from China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 34-41.
    11. Valeriano Martínez-San Román & Marta Bengoa & Blanca Sánchez-Robles, 2016. "Foreign direct investment, trade integration and the home bias: evidence from the European Union," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 50(1), pages 197-229, February.
    12. Sierra-Fernández, Mª Del Pilar & Martínez-Campillo, Almudena, 2009. "Impacto del proceso de integración europea sobre las exportaciones de Castilla y León (1993-2007): un análisis econométrico a partir de la ecuación de gravedad/The Impact of the European Integration P," Estudios de Economia Aplicada, Estudios de Economia Aplicada, vol. 27, pages 783(34á)-78, Diciembre.
    13. Felbermayr, Gabriel & Sandkamp, Alexander, 2020. "The trade effects of anti-dumping duties: Firm-level evidence from China," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
    14. Shufang Wang & Axing Zhu & Yuejing Ge & Yuli Liu & Xiao Xue, 2017. "The Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Geo-Economic Relationships between China and ASEAN Countries: Competition or Cooperation?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-21, June.
    15. Almudena Martinez-Campillo & Mª del Pilar Sierra-Fernández, 2012. "Impact of European Integration Process in Spain," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(2), pages 57-80.
    16. Nicolas Péridy, 2005. "Towards a New Trade Policy Between the USA and Middle‐East Countries:Estimating Trade Resistance and Export Potential," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(4), pages 491-518, April.
    17. Zhu, Xiangdong & He, Canfei & Gu, Zhutong, 2021. "Benefit from local or destination? The export expansion of Chinese photovoltaic industry under trade protection," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    18. Wei Hu & Yuejing Ge & Qin Dang & Yu Huang & Yuan Hu & Shuai Ye & Shufang Wang, 2020. "Analysis of the Development Level of Geo-Economic Relations between China and Countries along the Belt and Road," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-21, January.
    19. Cosmas S. Mbogela, 2018. "Determinants of Africa - BRIC Countries Bilateral Trade Flows," Economy, Asian Online Journal Publishing Group, vol. 5(1), pages 40-53.
    20. Magdalene Silberberger & Anja Slany & Christian Soegaard & Frederik Stender, 2022. "The Aftermath of Anti-Dumping: Are Temporary Trade Barriers Really Temporary?," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 33(4), pages 677-704, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:19:p:12946-:d:937698. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.