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Trade, transport costs and trade imbalances: An empirical examination of international markets and backhauls

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  • Felix L. Friedt
  • Wesley W. Wilson

Abstract

The US trade deficit has been growing for over 25 years and has been accompanied by enlarging freight rate differentials. While traditional models of trade have ignored these gaps assuming symmetry across all bilateral trade costs, the specific linkages between trade imbalances and international transportation costs have remained unexplored. Given the current trade policies, the implications arising from the endogenous adjustment of bilateral transport costs to policy‐induced changes in the US trade deficit are of particular importance. To break new ground on this issue, we develop and estimate a model of international trade and transportation that accounts for the effects of persistent trade imbalances. The theoretical results are supported by our empirical analysis and indicate that bilateral transport costs adjust to a country's trade imbalance. The implication is that a unilateral import policy, for example, will cause spillover effects into the bilaterally integrated export market. To illustrate, we use our empirical results to simulate the anticipated spillover effect from the Chinese ban on waste imports. We find that China's ban and the projected 1.5% rise in the US trade deficit will lead to not only a 0.77% reduction of transport costs charged on US exports to China but also a 0.34% increase in transport costs on US imports from China. Commerce, coûts de transport et déficits commerciaux : analyse empirique des marchés et des liaisons commerciales internationales. Depuis plus de 25 ans, le déficit commercial des États‐Unis ne cesse d’augmenter tout en s’accompagnant d’écarts accrus en matière de coûts de transport. Alors que les modèles traditionnels de commerce ont ignoré ces écarts en supposant une symétrie pour tous les frais commerciaux bilatéraux, les liens spécifiques entre les déficits commerciaux et les coûts de transport internationaux restent inexplorés. Compte tenu des politiques commerciales actuelles, les conséquences de l’ajustement endogène des coûts de transport bilatéraux aux changements induits par les politiques liées au déficit commercial américain revêtent une importance toute particulière. Afin d’apporter un nouvel éclairage à cette problématique, nous avons développé et évalué un modèle de commerce et de transport international prenant en compte les effets liés à la persistance de déséquilibres commerciaux. Les résultats théoriques sont étayés par notre analyse empirique et montrent que les coûts de transport bilatéraux s’ajustent au déficit commercial d’un pays. Ainsi, une politique d’importation unilatérale, par exemple, provoquera un effet d’entraînement sur le marché d’exportation intégré de faeçon bilatérale. Afin d’illustrer cette idée, nous avons utilisé nos résultats empiriques pour simuler l’effet d’entraînement anticipé lié à l’interdiction des importations de déchets par la Chine. Nous observons que cette interdiction, couplée à l’augmentation du déficit commercial des États‐Unis de 1,5 %, provoquera non seulement une réduction des coûts de transport de 0,77 % pour les exportations américaine en Chine, mais également une hausse des coûts de transport de 0,34 % des importations américaines en provenance de Chine.

Suggested Citation

  • Felix L. Friedt & Wesley W. Wilson, 2020. "Trade, transport costs and trade imbalances: An empirical examination of international markets and backhauls," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 53(2), pages 592-636, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:53:y:2020:i:2:p:592-636
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12438
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