IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i18p11489-d913114.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Validating the Five-Item World Health Organization Well-Being Index

Author

Listed:
  • Mats Nylén-Eriksen

    (Institute of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway)

  • Ann Kristin Bjørnnes

    (Institute of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway)

  • Hege Hafstad

    (Vårres Regional User-Led Center Mid-Norway, 7010 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Irene Lie

    (Center for Patient-Centered Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
    Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 2815 Gjøvik, Norway)

  • Ellen Karine Grov

    (Institute of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway)

  • Mariela Loreto Lara-Cabrera

    (Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
    Nidelv Community Mental Health Centre, Division of Psychiatry, St. Olav’s University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway)

Abstract

Purpose: Research on the psychological well-being of caregivers of children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) suggests that the well-being of parents and caregivers has been negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the psychological well-being of caregivers is a major concern, few validated well-being measures exist for caregivers of children diagnosed with ADHD. Therefore, a valid self-report scale is needed to assess well-being during the pandemic. The brief Five-Item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) has previously been used in studies on caregivers. However, its validity in this population remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and construct validity of the WHO-5 with caregivers of children with ADHD. Methods : A cross-sectional anonymous online survey was conducted in Norway. The study recruited caregivers from a community sample during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was carried out to investigate the construct validity by exploring the relationship between well-being, quality of life, social support, self-reported psychological distress, and perceived stress. Results : The findings of unidimensionality and high internal consistency, together with the results from the hypothesis testing, demonstrate the reliability and construct validity of the Norwegian version of the WHO-5 in this population. Conclusions: This study provides the first empirical evidence of the validity and reliability of the WHO-5 from a sample of Norwegian caregivers of children diagnosed with ADHD, with excellent reliability and construct validity. The scale can be used to systematize the measurement of well-being in caregivers because of its brevity and good psychometric properties, making it a valuable resource in research settings and assisting healthcare professionals in their crucial work of caring for caregivers.

Suggested Citation

  • Mats Nylén-Eriksen & Ann Kristin Bjørnnes & Hege Hafstad & Irene Lie & Ellen Karine Grov & Mariela Loreto Lara-Cabrera, 2022. "Validating the Five-Item World Health Organization Well-Being Index," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-12, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:18:p:11489-:d:913114
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/18/11489/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/18/11489/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nathaniel Scherer & Ibone Verhey & Hannah Kuper, 2019. "Depression and anxiety in parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(7), pages 1-18, July.
    2. Mariela Loreto Lara-Cabrera & Moisés Betancort & C. Amparo Muñoz-Rubilar & Natalia Rodríguez Novo & Carlos De las Cuevas, 2021. "The Mediating Role of Resilience in the Relationship between Perceived Stress and Mental Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-10, September.
    3. Keith W. Pecor & Georgia Barbayannis & Max Yang & Jacklyn Johnson & Sarah Materasso & Mauricio Borda & Disleidy Garcia & Varsha Garla & Xue Ming, 2021. "Quality of Life Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic for Caregivers of Children with ADHD and/or ASD," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-12, April.
    4. Kimberly C. Thomson & Emily Jenkins & Randip Gill & Chris G. Richardson & Monique Gagné Petteni & Corey McAuliffe & Anne M. Gadermann, 2021. "Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Family Mental Health in Canada: Findings from a Multi-Round Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-17, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hui-Wen Tseng & Ching-Shu Tsai & Yu-Min Chen & Ray C. Hsiao & Fan-Hao Chou & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2021. "Poor Mental Health in Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Relationships with Caregivers’ Difficulties in Managing the Children’s Behaviors and Worsened Psychol," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-16, September.
    2. Nur Saadah Mohamad Aun & Siti Marziah Zakaria & Abdul Rahman Ahmad Badayai & Idayu Badilla Idris & Tuti Iryani Mohd Daud & Shima Dyana Mohd Fazree, 2022. "Quality of Life among Mothers of High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder (HFASD)Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-10, May.
    3. Dominika Fijałkowska & Eleonora Bielawska-Batorowicz, 2021. "Psychometric Properties of the Polish Version of the Parental Feelings Inventory," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-13, June.
    4. Poon, Abner Weng Cheong & Cassaniti, Maria & Karan, Prasheela & Ow, Rosaleen, 2022. "Perceived needs and wellbeing of Vietnamese parents caring for children with disability," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    5. Mingna Li & Bo Zhou & Bingbin Hu, 2022. "Relationship between Income and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-14, July.
    6. David Lobato & Francisco Montesinos & Eduardo Polín & Saray Cáliz, 2022. "Acceptance and Commitment Training Focused on Psychological Flexibility for Family Members of Children with Intellectual Disabilities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-12, October.
    7. Roy McConkey, 2024. "Creating Family-Centred Support for Preschoolers with Developmental Disabilities in Low-Income Countries: A Rapid Review to Guide Practitioners," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(6), pages 1-19, May.
    8. Hans Kristian Maridal & Hanne Marit Bjørgaas & Kristen Hagen & Egil Jonsbu & Pashupati Mahat & Shankar Malakar & Signe Dørheim, 2021. "Psychological Distress among Caregivers of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-13, March.
    9. Aneta Lew-Koralewicz, 2022. "Psychosocial Functioning and the Educational Experiences of Students with ASD during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-15, August.
    10. Daniel T. L. Shek & Janet T. Y. Leung & Lindan Tan, 2023. "Social Policies and Theories on Quality of Life under COVID-19: In Search of the Missing Links," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 18(3), pages 1149-1165, June.
    11. Dembo, Robert S. & Huntington, Nick & Mitra, Monika & Rudolph, Abby E. & Lachman, Margie E. & Mailick, Marsha R., 2022. "Social network typology and health among parents of children with developmental disabilities: Results from a national study of midlife adults," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    12. Lauren Grove & Yingying Yang & Dai’jah Diggs & Arielle Hershkovich, 2022. "Parental Participation in Intellectual and Developmental Disability Research: A Review of Diversity," Disabilities, MDPI, vol. 2(2), pages 1-16, April.
    13. Veerle Garrels & Hanne Marie Høybråten Sigstad, 2023. "Caregivers’ Experiences with School–Work Transitions for Their Children with Disorders of Intellectual Development," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-13, January.
    14. Juliette Faucher & Nagham Khanafer & Nicolas Chauliac & Aziz Essadek & Perrine Galia & Elise Mamimoue & Marie-Laure Leroux & Marie-Pierre Pollet & Françoise Imler-Weber & Yves Gillet & Pierre Fournere, 2023. "Factors Associated with Increased or Decreased Stress Level in French Children during the First COVID-19 Lockdown," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-17, March.
    15. David Lobato & Francisco Montesinos & Juan M. Flujas-Contreras, 2022. "Psychological Flexibility Is Associated with Parental Stress in Relatives of People with Intellectual Disabilities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-10, May.
    16. Andrzej Piotrowski & Ewa Sygit-Kowalkowska & Ole Boe & Samir Rawat, 2022. "Resilience, Occupational Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Intention to Leave the Organization among Nurses and Midwives during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-16, June.
    17. Roxana Schwab & Kathrin Stewen & Tanja Kottmann & Susanne Theis & Tania Elger & Bashar Haj Hamoud & Mona W. Schmidt & Katharina Anic & Walburgis Brenner & Annette Hasenburg, 2022. "Determinants of Pain-Induced Disability in German Women with Endometriosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-21, July.
    18. David Lobato & Francisco Montesinos & Eduardo Polín & Saray Cáliz, 2023. "Third-Generation Behavioural Therapies in the Context of Neurodevelopmental Problems and Intellectual Disabilities: A Randomised Clinical Trial with Parents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-13, March.
    19. Mariela Loreto Lara-Cabrera & Moisés Betancort & Amparo Muñoz-Rubilar & Natalia Rodríguez-Novo & Ottar Bjerkeset & Carlos De las Cuevas, 2022. "Psychometric Properties of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index among Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Three Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-13, August.
    20. Anita Padmanabhanunni & Tyrone Pretorius, 2023. "The Resilience of South African School Teachers in the Time of COVID-19: Coping with Risk of Infection, Loneliness, and Anxiety," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-12, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:18:p:11489-:d:913114. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.