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Psychometric Properties of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index among Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Three Countries

Author

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  • Mariela Loreto Lara-Cabrera

    (Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7091 Trondheim, Norway
    Nidelv Community Mental Health Centre, Division of Psychiatry, St Olavs Hospital Trondheim University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Moisés Betancort

    (Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain)

  • Amparo Muñoz-Rubilar

    (Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8370178, Chile)

  • Natalia Rodríguez-Novo

    (Departament of Nursing, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain)

  • Ottar Bjerkeset

    (Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Levanger Campus, 8026 Levanger, Norway)

  • Carlos De las Cuevas

    (Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
    Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain)

Abstract

Nurses’ well-being has been increasingly recognised due to the ongoing pandemic. However, no validation scales measuring nurses’ well-being currently exist. Thus, we aimed to validate the WHO-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) in a sample of nurses. A cross-sectional multinational study was conducted, and a total of 678 nurses who worked during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain (36.9%), Chile (40.0%) and Norway (23.1%) participated in this study. The nurses completed the WHO-5, the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) and three questions about the quality of life (QoL). The WHO-5 demonstrated good reliability and validity in the three countries. Cronbach’s alphas ranged from 0.81 to 0.90. High correlations were found between the WHO-5 and the psychological well-being dimension of QoL, and negative correlations between the WHO-5 and PHQ-2. The unidimensional scale structure was confirmed in all the countries, explaining more than 68% of the variance. The item response theory likelihood ratio model did not show discernible differences in the WHO-5 across the countries. To conclude, the WHO-5 is a psychometrically sound scale for measuring nurses’ well-being during a pandemic. The scale showed strong construct validity for cross-cultural comparisons; however, more research is required with larger sample sizes.

Suggested Citation

  • Mariela Loreto Lara-Cabrera & Moisés Betancort & Amparo Muñoz-Rubilar & Natalia Rodríguez-Novo & Ottar Bjerkeset & Carlos De las Cuevas, 2022. "Psychometric Properties of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index among Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Three Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-13, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:16:p:10106-:d:889131
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mariela Loreto Lara-Cabrera & Moisés Betancort & C. Amparo Muñoz-Rubilar & Natalia Rodríguez Novo & Carlos De las Cuevas, 2021. "The Mediating Role of Resilience in the Relationship between Perceived Stress and Mental Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-10, September.
    2. Tuyen Dinh Hoang & Robert Colebunders & Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo & Nhan Phuc Thanh Nguyen & Trung Dinh Tran & Thang Van Vo, 2021. "Well-Being of Healthcare Workers and the General Public during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Vietnam: An Online Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-10, April.
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