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Differences in the Course of Depression and Anxiety after COVID-19 Infection between Recovered Patients with and without a Psychiatric History: A Cross-Sectional Study

Author

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  • Megumi Hazumi

    (Department of Public Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
    Department of Sleep-Wake Disorder, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan)

  • Kentaro Usuda

    (Department of Public Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan)

  • Emi Okazaki

    (Department of Public Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan)

  • Mayumi Kataoka

    (Department of Public Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
    Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan)

  • Daisuke Nishi

    (Department of Public Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
    Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan)

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to examine the course of depression and anxiety in COVID-19 survivors with a psychiatric history compared with those without a psychiatric history. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional survey for COVID-19 survivors was conducted from July to September 2021. A total of 6016 COVID-19 survivors, the accuracy of whose responses was determined to be assured, were included in analyses. Exposures included psychiatric history and time since COVID-19 infection, and the main outcomes and measures included severity of depression and anxiety, as assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), respectively. Results: Mean severity of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were significantly higher in participants with a psychiatric history than in those without a psychiatric history. Two-way analysis of covariance for PHQ-9 showed a significant main effect of the presence of psychiatric history and a significant interaction effect of psychiatric history × time since infection. Two-way analysis of covariance for the GAD-7 score revealed a significant main effect of the presence of psychiatric history and time since COVID-19 infection and the interaction effect of these factors. Conclusions: The course of depression and anxiety was more severe in COVID-19 survivors with a psychiatric history than in those without a psychiatric history.

Suggested Citation

  • Megumi Hazumi & Kentaro Usuda & Emi Okazaki & Mayumi Kataoka & Daisuke Nishi, 2022. "Differences in the Course of Depression and Anxiety after COVID-19 Infection between Recovered Patients with and without a Psychiatric History: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-11, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:18:p:11316-:d:910350
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Knapp, Martin & Wong, Gloria, 2020. "Economics and mental health: the current scenario," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 102717, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    2. Alexander Konnopka & Hannah König, 2020. "Economic Burden of Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PharmacoEconomics, Springer, vol. 38(1), pages 25-37, January.
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    1. Isabel Cecil Schäfer & Johannes Krehbiel & Werner Adler & Andrea Borho & Regina Herold & Brigitte Greiner & Miriam Reuner & Eva Morawa & Yesim Erim, 2024. "Three-Month Follow-Up of the Post-COVID Syndrome after Admission to a Specialised Post-COVID Centre—A Prospective Study Focusing on Mental Health with Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(8), pages 1-18, August.

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