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Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and the Risk of Chronic Liver Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

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  • Jing Sui

    (Research Institute for Environment and Health, School of Emergency Management, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
    Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China)

  • Hui Xia

    (Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China)

  • Qun Zhao

    (Research Institute for Environment and Health, School of Emergency Management, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China)

  • Guiju Sun

    (Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China)

  • Yinyin Cai

    (Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Economics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China)

Abstract

Although fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a known carcinogen, evidence of the association between PM2.5 and chronic liver disease is controversial. In the present meta-analysis study, we reviewed epidemiological studies to strengthen evidence for the association between PM2.5 and chronic liver disease. We searched three online databases from 1990 up to 2022. The random-effect model was applied for detection of overall risk estimates. Sixteen eligible studies, including one cross-sectional study, one retrospective cohort study, and 14 prospective cohort studies, fulfilled inclusion criteria with more than 330 thousand participants from 13 countries. Overall risk estimates of chronic liver disease for 10 μg/m 3 increase in PM2.5 was 1.27 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19–1.35, p < 0.001). We further analyzed the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and different chronic liver diseases. The results showed that increments in PM2.5 exposure significantly increased the risk of liver cancer, liver cirrhosis, and fatty liver disease (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.14–1.33; HR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.06–1.29; HR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.09–2.08, respectively). Our meta-analysis indicated long-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased risk of chronic liver disease. Moreover, future researches should be focused on investigating subtypes of chronic liver diseases and specific components of PM2.5.

Suggested Citation

  • Jing Sui & Hui Xia & Qun Zhao & Guiju Sun & Yinyin Cai, 2022. "Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and the Risk of Chronic Liver Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-13, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:16:p:10305-:d:892123
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hong-Bae Kim & Jae-Yong Shim & Byoungjin Park & Yong-Jae Lee, 2018. "Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollutants and Cancer Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-15, November.
    2. Chern-Horng Lee & Sen-Yung Hsieh & Wen-Hung Huang & I-Kuan Wang & Tzung-Hai Yen, 2019. "Association between Ambient Particulate Matter 2.5 Exposure and Mortality in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-11, July.
    3. Miyoun Shin & Ok-Jin Kim & Seongwoo Yang & Seung-Ah Choe & Sun-Young Kim, 2022. "Different Mortality Risks of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter across Different Cancer Sites," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-13, March.
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    1. Ling Pan & Jing Sui & Ying Xu & Qun Zhao & Yinyin Cai & Guiju Sun & Hui Xia, 2023. "Effect of Fine Particulate Matter Exposure on Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-11, February.

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