IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i15p9113-d872088.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Evolution of Effort-Reward Imbalance in Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in France—An Observational Study in More than 8000 Workers

Author

Listed:
  • Louis Delamarre

    (LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
    Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Marseille, Hopital Nord, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13015 Marseille, France)

  • Salma Tannous

    (LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France)

  • Ines Lakbar

    (Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Marseille, Hopital Nord, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13015 Marseille, France)

  • Sébastien Couarraze

    (Pôle Régional d’Enseignement et de Formation aux Métiers de la Santé, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France)

  • Bruno Pereira

    (Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l’Innovation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France)

  • Marc Leone

    (Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Marseille, Hopital Nord, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13015 Marseille, France)

  • Fouad Marhar

    (LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
    DIACONEA, 31300 Toulouse, France)

  • Julien S. Baker

    (Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China)

  • Reza Bagheri

    (Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran)

  • Mickael Berton

    (LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France)

  • Hana Rabbouch

    (Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis, Université de Tunis, Tunis 2000, Tunisia)

  • Marek Zak

    (The Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, ul. Zeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland)

  • Tomasz Sikorski

    (Doctoral School, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Zeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland)

  • Magdalena Wasik

    (Doctoral School, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Zeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland)

  • Hijrah Nasir

    (Department of Economic Development, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France)

  • Binh Quach

    (Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China)

  • Jiao Jiao

    (Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China)

  • Raimundo Aviles

    (Universidad Finis-Terrae, El-Carmen, Hospital Dr. Luis-Valentìn-Ferrada, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maipù 5641235, Chile)

  • COVISTRESS Network

    (The COVISTRESS: Pr. Frédéric Dutheil. Maëlys Clinchamps, Stéphanie Mestres, Cécile Miele, Valentin Navel, Lénise Parreira, Bruno Pereira, Karine Rouffiac—CHU Clermont-Ferrand, France; Yves Boirie, Jean-Baptiste Bouillon-Minois, Martine Duclos, Maria Livia Fantini, Jeannot Schmidt, Stéphanie Tubert-Jeannin—Université Clermont Auvergne/CHU Clermont-Ferrand, France; Mickael Berthon, Pierre Chausse, Michael Dambrun, Sylvie Droit-Volet, Julien Guegan, Serge Guimond, Laurie Mondillon, Armelle Nugier, Pascal Huguet—Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, France; Samuel Dewavrin—WittyFit, France; Sébastien Couarraze, Louis Delamarre, Fouad Marhar—CHU Toulouse, France; Geraldine Naughton, Amanda Benson—Swinburne University, Australia; Claus Lamm—University of Vienna, Austria; Karen Gbaglo, Ministery of Health; Vicky Drapeau—Université de Laval, Canada; Raimundo Avilés Dorlhiac—Universidad Finis Terrae, Chile; Benjamin Bustos—Universidad de Los Andes, Chile; Gu Yaodong—Ningbo University, China; Haifeng Zhang—Hebei Normal University, China; Peter Dieckmann—Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Denmark; Julien Baker, Yanping Duan, Yang Gemma Gao, Yajun Wendy Huang, Jiao Jiao, Binh Quach, Chunqing Zhang, Hong Kong Baptist University, China; Hijrah Nasir, Indonesia; Perluigi Cocco, Rosamaria Lecca, Monica Puligheddu, Michela Figorilli, Università di Cagliari, Italia ; Morteza Charkhabi, Reza Bagheri—University of Isfahan, Iran; Daniela Pfabigan—University of Oslo, Norway; Peter Dieckmann, University of Stavanger, Norway; Marek Zak, Tomasz Sikorski, Magdalena Wasik, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Collegium Medicum, The Institute of Health Sciences, Kielce, Poland; Samuel Antunes, David Neto, Pedro Almeida—Ordem dos Psicólogos Portugueses, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Portugal; Maria João Gouveia—ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Portugal; Pedro Quinteiro—William James Center for Research, ISPA-Instituto Universitário; Constanta Urzeala—UNEFS, Romania; Benoit Dubuis—UNIGE, Switzerland; Juliette Lemaignen—Fondation INARTIS, Switzerland; Kuan-Chou Chen, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taiwan; Andy Su-I Liu—University of Taipei, Taiwan; Foued Saadaoui, King Abdulaziz University, Tunisia; Ukadike C Ugbolue, University of the West of Scotland, United Kingdom; Keri Kulik—Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA.)

  • Maëlys Clinchamps

    (LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
    Department of Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France)

  • Fréderic Dutheil

    (LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
    Department of Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France)

Abstract

(1) Background: The effects of lockdown repetition on work-related stress, expressed through Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI), during the COVID-19 pandemic are poorly documented. We investigated the effect of repetitive lockdowns on the ERI in French workers, its difference across occupations, and the change in its influencing factors across time. (2) Methods: Participants were included in a prospective cross-sectional observational study from 30 March 2020 to 28 May 2021. The primary outcome was the ERI score (visual analog scale). The ERI score of the population was examined via Generalized Estimating Equations. For each period, the factors influencing ERI were studied by multivariate linear regression. (3) Results: In 8121 participants, the ERI score decreased in the first 2 lockdowns (53.2 ± 0.3, p < 0.001; 50.5 ± 0.7, p < 0.001) and after lockdown 2 (54.8 ± 0.8, p = 0.004) compared with the pre-pandemic period (59 ± 0.4). ERI was higher in medical than in paramedical professionals in the pre-pandemic and the first 2 lockdowns. Higher workloads were associated with better ERI scores. (4) Conclusions: In a large French sample, Effort-Reward Imbalance worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic until the end of the 2nd lockdown. Paramedical professionals experienced a higher burden of stress compared with medical professionals.

Suggested Citation

  • Louis Delamarre & Salma Tannous & Ines Lakbar & Sébastien Couarraze & Bruno Pereira & Marc Leone & Fouad Marhar & Julien S. Baker & Reza Bagheri & Mickael Berton & Hana Rabbouch & Marek Zak & Tomasz S, 2022. "The Evolution of Effort-Reward Imbalance in Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in France—An Observational Study in More than 8000 Workers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-13, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:15:p:9113-:d:872088
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/15/9113/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/15/9113/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Frédéric Dutheil & Bruno Pereira & Farès Moustafa & Geraldine Naughton & François-Xavier Lesage & Céline Lambert, 2017. "At-risk and intervention thresholds of occupational stress using a visual analogue scale," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(6), pages 1-13, June.
    2. Wei Pan, 2001. "Akaike's Information Criterion in Generalized Estimating Equations," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 57(1), pages 120-125, March.
    3. Bénédicte Apouey & Alexandra Roulet & Isabelle Solal & Mark Stabile, 2020. "Gig Workers during the COVID-19 Crisis in France: Financial Precarity and Mental Well-Being," Post-Print halshs-02973630, HAL.
    4. Carmen Trumello & Sonia Monique Bramanti & Giulia Ballarotto & Carla Candelori & Luca Cerniglia & Silvia Cimino & Monia Crudele & Lucia Lombardi & Silvia Pignataro & Maria Luisa Viceconti & Alessandra, 2020. "Psychological Adjustment of Healthcare Workers in Italy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Differences in Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Burnout, Secondary Trauma, and Compassion Satisfaction between Frontli," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-13, November.
    5. van Vegchel, Natasja & de Jonge, Jan & Bosma, Hans & Schaufeli, Wilmar, 2005. "Reviewing the effort-reward imbalance model: drawing up the balance of 45 empirical studies," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 60(5), pages 1117-1131, March.
    6. Antimo Moretti & Fabrizio Menna & Milena Aulicino & Marco Paoletta & Sara Liguori & Giovanni Iolascon, 2020. "Characterization of Home Working Population during COVID-19 Emergency: A Cross-Sectional Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-13, August.
    7. Bénédicte H. Apouey & Alexandra Roulet & Isabelle Solal & Mark Stabile, 2020. "Gig Workers during the COVID-19 Crisis in France: Financial Precarity and Mental Well-Being," Post-Print halshs-02973630, HAL.
    8. Juan Sandoval-Reyes & Sandra Idrovo-Carlier & Edison Jair Duque-Oliva, 2021. "Remote Work, Work Stress, and Work–Life during Pandemic Times: A Latin America Situation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-12, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Benjamin Semujanga & Xavier Parent-Rocheleau, 2024. "Time-Based Stress and Procedural Justice: Can Transparency Mitigate the Effects of Algorithmic Compensation in Gig Work?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(1), pages 1-16, January.
    2. Annie Irvine & Nikolas Rose, 2024. "How Does Precarious Employment Affect Mental Health? A Scoping Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Evidence from Western Economies," Work, Employment & Society, British Sociological Association, vol. 38(2), pages 418-441, April.
    3. Woo‐Yung KIM, 2023. "Do unions provide employment protection in times of economic crisis? A natural experiment of COVID‐19," International Labour Review, International Labour Organization, vol. 162(4), pages 615-639, December.
    4. Lotta K. Harju & Joonas Rokka & Maíra Magalhães Lopes & Massimo Airoldi & Karine Raïes, 2021. "Employee Well-Being Profiles During Covid-19 Lockdown : A Latent Profile Analysis of French and UK employees," Post-Print hal-04376054, HAL.
    5. Bénédicte Apouey & Mark Stabile, 2022. "The effects of Uber diffusion on the mental health of drivers," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(7), pages 1468-1490, July.
    6. Dimitri Ioannides & Szilvia Gyimóthy & Laura James, 2021. "From Liminal Labor to Decent Work: A Human-Centered Perspective on Sustainable Tourism Employment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-15, January.
    7. Tan, Karen Pei-Sze & Yang, Yang & Li, Xiang (Robert), 2022. "Catching a ride in the peer-to-peer economy: Tourists’ acceptance and use of ridesharing services before and during the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 504-518.
    8. Kelle HOWSON & Funda USTEK‐SPILDA & Alessio BERTOLINI & Richard HEEKS & Fabian FERRARI & Srujana KATTA & Matthew COLE & Pablo AGUERA RENESES & Nancy SALEM & David SUTCLIFFE & Shelly STEWARD & Mark GRA, 2022. "Stripping back the mask: Working conditions on digital labour platforms during the COVID‐19 pandemic," International Labour Review, International Labour Organization, vol. 161(3), pages 413-440, September.
    9. James Duggan & Michelle O’Sullivan & Maeve O’Sullivan, 2023. "Essential or excluded? Union pressures and state responses to platform work in three liberal market economies," Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, , vol. 29(4), pages 491-505, November.
    10. Nurul Iman Abdul Jalil & Soon Aun Tan & Nur Shakila Ibharim & Anisah Zainab Musa & Siew Hui Ang & Wustari L. Mangundjaya, 2023. "The Relationship between Job Insecurity and Psychological Well-Being among Malaysian Precarious Workers: Work–Life Balance as a Mediator," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-14, February.
    11. Yuxun Peng & Yuqing Shao & Ziyun Li & Ruian Cai & Xiaochen Bo & Chen Qian & Qiao Chu & Jiang Chen & Jianwei Shi, 2022. "Status and Determinants of Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression among Food Delivery Drivers in Shanghai, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-14, October.
    12. Shvartsman, Elena & Beckmann, Michael, 2015. "Stressed by your job: What is the role of personnel policy?," Working papers 2015/15, Faculty of Business and Economics - University of Basel.
    13. Mario Schnalzenberger & Nicole Schneeweis & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer & Martina Zweimüller, 2014. "Job Quality and Employment of Older People in Europe," LABOUR, CEIS, vol. 28(2), pages 141-162, June.
    14. Rémi Colin-Chevalier & Bruno Pereira & Amanda Clare Benson & Samuel Dewavrin & Thomas Cornet & Frédéric Dutheil, 2022. "The Protective Role of Job Control/Autonomy on Mental Strain of Managers: A Cross-Sectional Study among Wittyfit’s Users," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-10, February.
    15. Wei Pan, 2001. "Model Selection in Estimating Equations," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 57(2), pages 529-534, June.
    16. Artem Kashtanov & Ekaterina Molotok & Andrey Yavorovskiy & Alexander Boyarkov & Yuriy Vasil’ev & Ali Alsaegh & Sergey Dydykin & Olesya Kytko & Renata Meylanova & Yulianna Enina & Vasiliy Troitskiy & M, 2022. "A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study Assessing the Psycho-Emotional State of Intensive Care Units’ Physicians and Nurses of COVID-19 Hospitals of a Russian Metropolis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-22, February.
    17. Vens, Maren & Ziegler, Andreas, 2012. "Generalized estimating equations and regression diagnostics for longitudinal controlled clinical trials: A case study," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 56(5), pages 1232-1242.
    18. Liebig, Stefan & Schupp, Jürgen, 2008. "Leistungs- oder Bedarfsgerechtigkeit? Über einen normativen Zielkonflikt des Wohlfahrtsstaats und seiner Bedeutung für die Bewertung des eigenen Erwerbseinkommens," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 59(1), pages 7-30.
    19. Michael S. Rendall & Bonnie Ghosh-Dastidar & Margaret M. Weden & Zafar Nazarov, 2011. "Multiple Imputation for Combined-Survey Estimation With Incomplete Regressors In One But Not Both Surveys," Working Papers WR-887-1, RAND Corporation.
    20. Ana Magro & Aida Gutiérrez-García & Marta González-Álvarez & Mario Del Líbano, 2022. "Psychosocial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Professionals in Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-14, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:15:p:9113-:d:872088. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.