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The Relationship between the Outdoor School Violence Distribution and the Outdoor Campus Environment: An Empirical Study from China

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  • Xidong Ma

    (School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
    Key Laboratory of Department of Culture and Tourism of Information Technology of Architectural Heritage Inheritance, Tianjin 300072, China)

  • Zhihao Zhang

    (College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200082, China)

  • Xiaojiao Li

    (School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
    Key Laboratory of Department of Culture and Tourism of Information Technology of Architectural Heritage Inheritance, Tianjin 300072, China)

  • Yan Li

    (School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
    Key Laboratory of Department of Culture and Tourism of Information Technology of Architectural Heritage Inheritance, Tianjin 300072, China)

Abstract

It is widely believed that outdoor environmental design contributes to outdoor violence prevention. To enhance the effectiveness of environmental design, the intrinsic link between the outdoor school violence distribution (OSVD) and the outdoor campus environment (OCE) should be fully considered. For this purpose, this study investigated boarding school L, located in southern Zhejiang Province of China, through a questionnaire and Spatial Syntax theory. Based on the questionnaire marker method ( N = 338, 50.59% female), the OSVD was mapped using the kernel density estimation in ArcGIS, including four types of teacher-student conflict: verbal bullying, physical conflict, and external intrusion. The spatial analysis of the OCE (spatial configuration and spatial visibility) then was generated by the DepthmapX, involving four spatial attributes such as integration, mean depth, connectivity, and visibility connectivity. Statistical analysis results indicated the correlation between the OSVD and both the spatial configuration and spatial visibility of the OCE. For the different violence types, there were differences in the impact relationships, with integration being a significant predictor of teacher-student conflict and physical conflict ( p < 0.01) and a general predictor of verbal bullying ( p < 0.05), while mean depth was a significant predictor of physical conflict ( p < 0.01), but not recommended as a predictor of external intrusion. This study explores and predicts the relationship between the OSVD and the OCE, providing guidance and evidence for school violence prevention environmental design. It is a novel attempt, but still challenging and requires more research to refine.

Suggested Citation

  • Xidong Ma & Zhihao Zhang & Xiaojiao Li & Yan Li, 2022. "The Relationship between the Outdoor School Violence Distribution and the Outdoor Campus Environment: An Empirical Study from China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-33, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:13:p:7613-:d:844596
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Huan Wang & Jingjing Tang & Sarah-Eve Dill & Jiusi Xiao & Matthew Boswell & Claire Cousineau & Scott Rozelle, 2022. "Bullying Victims in Rural Primary Schools: Prevalence, Correlates, and Consequences," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-18, January.
    2. Gopalakrishnan, Raja & Guevara, C. Angelo & Ben-Akiva, Moshe, 2020. "Combining multiple imputation and control function methods to deal with missing data and endogeneity in discrete-choice models," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 45-57.
    3. Stephen Averill Sherman, 2022. "Policing the Campus: Police Communications and near-Campus Development across Atlanta’s University Communities," Planning Theory & Practice, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(3), pages 368-387, May.
    4. Loet Leydesdorff, 2008. "Patent classifications as indicators of intellectual organization," Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 59(10), pages 1582-1597, August.
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