IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i8p4026-d534283.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Early Interventions and Impact of COVID-19 in Spain

Author

Listed:
  • Uxue Alfonso Viguria

    (Institute of Global Health, Université de Genéve, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland)

  • Núria Casamitjana

    (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain)

Abstract

The health crisis emerging from China in January 2020 has spread around the world resulting in a disruption of daily life activity in many countries. In response to this health threat, different measures have been implemented by national governments to minimize the possible health consequences. This article explores the initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, providing an epidemiological overview and reviewing the early measures developed to control its spread. On 1 April, Spain was the country with the second highest incidence in the world; with 104,118 positive cases detected and 9387 deaths recorded. Among these, 20.2% of positive cases were among healthcare professionals. In addition to the unprecedented health crisis, the lockdown interventions employed were considered to be among the strictest measures implemented through European countries. These measures were initially successful in controlling local transmission, but resulted in severe economic and social impacts. A critical review of the actions taken and their impact on the Spanish population could contribute to guide and inform decision-making in future pandemic situations.

Suggested Citation

  • Uxue Alfonso Viguria & Núria Casamitjana, 2021. "Early Interventions and Impact of COVID-19 in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-15, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:8:p:4026-:d:534283
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/8/4026/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/8/4026/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Liudmila Rozanova & Alexander Temerev & Antoine Flahault, 2020. "Comparing the Scope and Efficacy of COVID-19 Response Strategies in 16 Countries: An Overview," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-17, December.
    2. Elise Blandenier & Zahra Habibi & Timokleia Kousi & Paolo Sestito & Antoine Flahault & Liudmila Rozanova, 2020. "Initial COVID-19 Outbreak: An Epidemiological and Socioeconomic Case Review of Iran," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-13, December.
    3. Eunsun Jeong & Munire Hagose & Hyungul Jung & Moran Ki & Antoine Flahault, 2020. "Understanding South Korea’s Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Real-Time Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-18, December.
    4. Timokleia Kousi & Lefkothea-Christina Mitsi & Jean Simos, 2021. "The Early Stage of COVID-19 Outbreak in Greece: A Review of the National Response and the Socioeconomic Impact," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-17, January.
    5. Xinyi Hu & Antoine Flahault & Alexander Temerev & Liudmila Rozanova, 2021. "The Progression of COVID-19 and the Government Response in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-15, March.
    6. Matthew James Cook & Gabriela Guizzo Dri & Prishanee Logan & Jia Bin Tan & Antoine Flahault, 2020. "COVID-19 Down Under: Australia’s Initial Pandemic Experience," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-19, December.
    7. Flaminia Ortenzi & Emiliano Albanese & Marta Fadda, 2020. "A Transdisciplinary Analysis of COVID-19 in Italy: The Most Affected Country in Europe," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-12, December.
    8. Marina Giachino & Camille Beatrice G. Valera & Sabina Rodriguez Velásquez & Muriel Anna Dohrendorf-Wyss & Liudmila Rozanova & Antoine Flahault, 2020. "Understanding the Dynamics of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Real-Time Analysis of Switzerland’s First Wave," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-17, November.
    9. Analya Romo & Citlaly Ojeda-Galaviz, 2020. "It Takes More than Two to Tango with COVID-19: Analyzing Argentina’s Early Pandemic Response (Jan 2020–April 2020)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-18, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Jan Domaradzki, 2022. "‘Who Else If Not We’. Medical Students’ Perception and Experiences with Volunteering during the COVID-19 Crisis in Poznan, Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-20, February.
    2. Tzu-Yin Chang & Wen-Ray Su & Hongey Chen & Ming-Wey Huang & Lu-Yen A. Chen, 2021. "Application of Pandemic Intelligence in Dynamic Data in Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-13, September.
    3. Marcin Mazur & Jerzy Bański & Wioletta Kamińska, 2024. "The Geographical Conditioning of Regional Differentiation Characterising the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(10), pages 1-20, October.
    4. Derek Huang & Huanyu Tao & Qilong Wu & Sheng-You Huang & Yi Xiao, 2021. "Modeling of the Long-Term Epidemic Dynamics of COVID-19 in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-17, July.
    5. Nuria Galende & Iratxe Redondo & Maria Dosil-Santamaria & Naiara Ozamiz-Etxebarria, 2022. "Factors Influencing Compliance with COVID-19 Health Measures: A Spanish Study to Improve Adherence Campaigns," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-14, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Montás, Marie C. & Klasa, Katarzyna & van Ginneken, Ewout & Greer, Scott L., 2022. "Strategic purchasing and health systems resilience: Lessons from COVID-19 in selected European countries," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(9), pages 853-864.
    2. Johnston H. C. Wong & Ghee W. Ho, 2022. "Shielding without a Shield—Older People under COVID-19: A Comparison of Four Cities," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-35, October.
    3. Indrikis A. Krams & Priit Jõers & Severi Luoto & Giedrius Trakimas & Vilnis Lietuvietis & Ronalds Krams & Irena Kaminska & Markus J. Rantala & Tatjana Krama, 2021. "The Obesity Paradox Predicts the Second Wave of COVID-19 to Be Severe in Western Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-10, January.
    4. Rastko Jovanović & Miloš Davidović & Ivan Lazović & Maja Jovanović & Milena Jovašević-Stojanović, 2021. "Modelling Voluntary General Population Vaccination Strategies during COVID-19 Outbreak: Influence of Disease Prevalence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-18, June.
    5. Saeed, Asif & Chaudhry, Sajid M. & Arif, Ahmed & Ahmed, Rizwan, 2023. "Spillover of energy commodities and inflation in G7 plus Chinese economies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PA).
    6. Lei Jiang & Yujia Huang & Haonan Cheng & Ting Zhang & Lei Huang, 2021. "Emergency Response and Risk Communication Effects of Local Media during COVID-19 Pandemic in China: A Study Based on a Social Media Network," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-16, October.
    7. Karine Bertin & Johanna Garzón & Jaime San Martín & Soledad Torres, 2022. "COVID-19: A Comparative Study of Contagions Peaks in Cities from Europe and the Americas," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-35, December.
    8. Francisco G. Emmerich, 2021. "Comparisons between the Neighboring States of Amazonas and Pará in Brazil in the Second Wave of COVID-19 Outbreak and a Possible Role of Early Ambulatory Treatment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-18, March.
    9. Narelle Campbell & Sandra C. Thompson & Anna Tynan & Louise Townsin & Lauren A. Booker & Geoff Argus, 2021. "Silver Linings Reported by Australians Experiencing Public Health Restrictions during the First Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Report," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-10, October.
    10. Tamaryn Menneer & Zening Qi & Timothy Taylor & Cheryl Paterson & Gengyang Tu & Lewis R. Elliott & Karyn Morrissey & Markus Mueller, 2021. "Changes in Domestic Energy and Water Usage during the UK COVID-19 Lockdown Using High-Resolution Temporal Data," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-21, June.
    11. Nikša Alfirević & Koraljka Modić Stanke & Fabrizio Santoboni & Giuseppe Curcio, 2023. "The Roles of Professional Socialization and Higher Education Context in Prosocial and Pro-Environmental Attitudes of Social Science and Humanities versus Business Students in Italy and Croatia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-14, June.
    12. Manuela Casula & Federica Galimberti & Marica Iommi & Elena Olmastroni & Simona Rosa & Mattia Altini & Alberico L. Catapano & Elena Tragni & Elisabetta Poluzzi, 2022. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Therapeutic Continuity among Outpatients with Chronic Cardiovascular Therapies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-11, September.
    13. Marika Vicziany & Leon Piterman & Naiyana Wattanapenpaiboon, 2024. "Is COVID-19 as Lethal as the Spanish Flu? The Australian Experience in 1919 and 2020 and the Role of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(3), pages 1-23, February.
    14. Jiayi Liu & Zhikai Peng & Xiaoxi Cai & You Peng & Jiang Li & Tao Feng, 2021. "Students’ Intention of Visiting Urban Green Spaces after the COVID-19 Lockdown in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-17, August.
    15. Jia Bin Tan & Matthew James Cook & Prishanee Logan & Liudmila Rozanova & Annelies Wilder-Smith, 2020. "Singapore’s Pandemic Preparedness: An Overview of the First Wave of COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-21, December.
    16. Anamarija Jurcev Savicevic & Jasna Nincevic & Sime Versic & Sarah Cuschieri & Ante Bandalovic & Ante Turic & Boris Becir & Toni Modric & Damir Sekulic, 2021. "Performance of Professional Soccer Players before and after COVID-19 Infection; Observational Study with an Emphasis on Graduated Return to Play," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-14, November.
    17. Ourania S. Kotsiou & George D. Vavougios & Dimitrios Papagiannis & Elena Matsiatsiou & Dimitra Avgeri & Evangelos C. Fradelos & Dimitra I. Siachpazidou & Garifallia Perlepe & Angeliki Miziou & Athanas, 2022. "Lessons We Have Learned Regarding Seroprevalence in High and Low SARS-CoV-2 Contexts in Greece before the Omicron Pandemic Wave," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-8, May.
    18. Serghei PETIGHIN, 2024. "Pandemic-resilient investment policies: lessons learned from the COVID-19 crisis," Romanian Journal of Economics, Institute of National Economy, vol. 58(1(67)), pages 117-132, June.
    19. Nader Ghotbi, 2022. "The COVID-19 Pandemic Response and Its Impact on Post-Corona Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management in Iran," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-13, November.
    20. Lucia D. Willems & Vernandi Dyzel & Paula S. Sterkenburg, 2022. "COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions amongst Healthcare Workers: A Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-20, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:8:p:4026-:d:534283. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.