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SARS-CoV-2: An Update on Genomics, Risk Assessment, Potential Therapeutics and Vaccine Development

Author

Listed:
  • Iqra Mehmood

    (Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
    These authors have contributed equally to this paper.)

  • Munazza Ijaz

    (Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
    These authors have contributed equally to this paper.)

  • Sajjad Ahmad

    (Department of Microbiology and Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
    These authors have contributed equally to this paper.)

  • Temoor Ahmed

    (Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Amna Bari

    (College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China)

  • Asma Abro

    (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87100, Pakistan)

  • Khaled S. Allemailem

    (Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia)

  • Ahmad Almatroudi

    (Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia)

  • Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar

    (College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China)

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a great threat to public health, being a causative pathogen of a deadly coronavirus disease (COVID-19). It has spread to more than 200 countries and infected millions of individuals globally. Although SARS-CoV-2 has structural/genomic similarities with the previously reported SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the specific mutations in its genome make it a novel virus. Available therapeutic strategies failed to control this virus. Despite strict standard operating procedures (SOPs), SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally and it is mutating gradually as well. Diligent efforts, special care, and awareness are needed to reduce transmission among susceptible masses particularly elder people, children, and health care workers. In this review, we highlighted the basic genome organization and structure of SARS-CoV-2. Its transmission dynamics, symptoms, and associated risk factors are discussed. This review also presents the latest mutations identified in its genome, the potential therapeutic options being used, and a brief explanation of vaccine development efforts against COVID-19. The effort will not only help readers to understand the deadly SARS-CoV-2 virus but also provide updated information to researchers for their research work.

Suggested Citation

  • Iqra Mehmood & Munazza Ijaz & Sajjad Ahmad & Temoor Ahmed & Amna Bari & Asma Abro & Khaled S. Allemailem & Ahmad Almatroudi & Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar, 2021. "SARS-CoV-2: An Update on Genomics, Risk Assessment, Potential Therapeutics and Vaccine Development," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-23, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:4:p:1626-:d:495852
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Janet Sultana & Paola Maria Cutroneo & Salvatore Crisafulli & Gabriele Puglisi & Gaetano Caramori & Gianluca Trifirò, 2020. "Azithromycin in COVID-19 Patients: Pharmacological Mechanism, Clinical Evidence and Prescribing Guidelines," Drug Safety, Springer, vol. 43(8), pages 691-698, August.
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    3. Pathan, Refat Khan & Biswas, Munmun & Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin, 2020. "Time series prediction of COVID-19 by mutation rate analysis using recurrent neural network-based LSTM model," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
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    Cited by:

    1. Aqel Albutti, 2021. "Rescuing the Host Immune System by Targeting the Immune Evasion Complex ORF8-IRF3 in SARS-CoV-2 Infection with Natural Products Using Molecular Modeling Approaches," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-13, December.
    2. Fahad M. Aldakheel, 2021. "Allergic Diseases: A Comprehensive Review on Risk Factors, Immunological Mechanisms, Link with COVID-19, Potential Treatments, and Role of Allergen Bioinformatics," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-29, November.
    3. Mateusz Puchalski & Halszka Kamińska & Marta Bartoszek & Michał Brzewski & Bożena Werner, 2022. "COVID-19-Vaccination-Induced Myocarditis in Teenagers: Case Series with Further Follow-Up," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-8, March.

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