IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i16p8433-d611631.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Will Nothing Be the Same Again?: Changes in Lifestyle during COVID-19 Pandemic and Consequences on Mental Health

Author

Listed:
  • Emanuele Caroppo

    (Local Health Unit ROMA 2, Mental Health Department, 00159 Rome, Italy
    These authors equally contributed to this paper.)

  • Marianna Mazza

    (Department of Neurosciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
    Psychiatry Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
    These authors equally contributed to this paper.)

  • Alessandra Sannella

    (Department of Human Sciences, Social and Health, University of Cassino and South Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy)

  • Giuseppe Marano

    (Department of Neurosciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
    Psychiatry Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy)

  • Carla Avallone

    (Department of Neurosciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
    Psychiatry Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy)

  • Angelo Emilio Claro

    (Department of Neurosciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
    Psychiatry Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy)

  • Delfina Janiri

    (Department of Neurosciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
    Psychiatry Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy)

  • Lorenzo Moccia

    (Department of Neurosciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
    Psychiatry Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy)

  • Luigi Janiri

    (Department of Neurosciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
    Psychiatry Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy)

  • Gabriele Sani

    (Department of Neurosciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
    Psychiatry Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

Social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has drastically affected lifestyles: from sedentary behaviors to reduced physical activity, from disrupted sleep patterns to altered dietary habits. As a consequence, serious mental and emotional responses have been registered. There was a significant decline in physical and other meaningful activities of daily living, leisure, social activity, and education. In children, collateral effects of the pandemic include inadequate nutrition with a risk of both overweight and underweight, addiction to screens, lack of schooling, and psychosocial difficulties. Older adults are frequently unable to adapt to lockdown measures and suffer from depression and cognitive complaints. Recent studies focusing on changes in lifestyle during the Covid-19 pandemic and consequences on mental health have been identified in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, and ScienceDirect. All the available literature has been retrospectively reviewed. The results of the present narrative review suggest that mental distress caused by social isolation seems to be linked not only to personality characteristics but also to several lifestyle components (sleep disruption, altered eating habits, reduced physical activity). This review aims to explore major changes in the lifestyle and quality of life and the impact of these changes on mental health, and to inform clinicians and policymakers about elements that may reduce the negative psychological effects of the quarantine period imposed during this worldwide crisis. There is an urgent need for tailored preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic mental health interventions for the general population and for higher risk groups.

Suggested Citation

  • Emanuele Caroppo & Marianna Mazza & Alessandra Sannella & Giuseppe Marano & Carla Avallone & Angelo Emilio Claro & Delfina Janiri & Lorenzo Moccia & Luigi Janiri & Gabriele Sani, 2021. "Will Nothing Be the Same Again?: Changes in Lifestyle during COVID-19 Pandemic and Consequences on Mental Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-8, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:16:p:8433-:d:611631
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/16/8433/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/16/8433/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Rachele Mariani & Alessia Renzi & Cinzia Di Monte & Elena Petrovska & Michela Di Trani, 2021. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Primary Emotional Systems and Emotional Regulation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-8, May.
    2. Theresa E Gildner & Elise J Laugier & Zaneta M Thayer, 2020. "Exercise routine change is associated with prenatal depression scores during the COVID-19 pandemic among pregnant women across the United States," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(12), pages 1-15, December.
    3. Alicia M. Alonso-Martínez & Robinson Ramírez-Vélez & Yesenia García-Alonso & Mikel Izquierdo & Antonio García-Hermoso, 2021. "Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, Sleep and Self-Regulation in Spanish Preschoolers during the COVID-19 Lockdown," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-8, January.
    4. Hanan Alfawaz & Sobhy M. Yakout & Kaiser Wani & Ghadah A. Aljumah & Mohammed G. A. Ansari & Malak N. K. Khattak & Syed D. Hussain & Nasser M. Al-Daghri, 2021. "Dietary Intake and Mental Health among Saudi Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-11, February.
    5. Jacob Meyer & Cillian McDowell & Jeni Lansing & Cassandra Brower & Lee Smith & Mark Tully & Matthew Herring, 2020. "Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Response to COVID-19 and Their Associations with Mental Health in 3052 US Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-13, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Hiromitsu Miyata & Kaho Yamasaki & Noh ChaeEun & Haruyuki Ishikawa, 2023. "Relationship between COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Life Behavior, Dispositional Mindfulness, and Psychological Health: Evidence from a Sample of Japanese Working Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-17, May.
    2. Munoz, Pau, 2021. "How did covid19 change our communities? Acompared analysis of meetup communitiesbefore and after the pandemic," SocArXiv px74d_v1, Center for Open Science.
    3. Miki Tanikaga & Jun-ichi Uemura & Fumiko Hori & Tomomi Hamada & Masahiro Tanaka, 2023. "Changes in Community-Dwelling Elderly’s Activity and Participation Affecting Depression during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-18, February.
    4. Yang Song & Sungmin Lee & Amaryllis H Park & Chanam Lee, 2023. "COVID-19 impacts on non-work travel patterns: A place-based investigation using smartphone mobility data," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 50(3), pages 642-659, March.
    5. Joel Martin & Michael Toczko & Emily Locke & Ryan McCarthy & Italia Milani & Nathalie Barrios & Samer Koutoubi & Jatin Ambegaonkar & Niyati Dhokai & Ali Boolani, 2022. "Influence of Grit on Physical Activity, Sitting Time and Dietary Behaviors: A Multi-Study Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-14, December.
    6. Orlando Uccellini & Andrea Benlodi & Emanuele Caroppo & Loredana Cena & Gianluca Esposito & Isabel Fernandez & Maria Ghazanfar & Antonio Imbasciati & Francesco Longo & Marianna Mazza & Giuseppe Marano, 2022. "1000 Days: The “WeCare Generation” Program—The Ultimate Model for Improving Human Mental Health and Economics: The Study Protocol," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-11, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jeong-Hui Park & Eunhye Yoo & Youngdeok Kim & Jung-Min Lee, 2021. "What Happened Pre- and during COVID-19 in South Korea? Comparing Physical Activity, Sleep Time, and Body Weight Status," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-13, May.
    2. Ilse Adriana Gutiérrez-Pérez & Pedro Delgado-Floody & Daniel Jerez-Mayorga & Diego Soto-García & Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete & Isela Parra-Rojas & Nacim Molina-Gutiérrez & Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán, 2021. "Lifestyle and Sociodemographic Parameters Associated with Mental and Physical Health during COVID-19 Confinement in Three Ibero-American Countries. A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-13, May.
    3. Mateusz Ciski & Krzysztof Rząsa, 2023. "Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression in the Investigation of Local COVID-19 Anomalies Based on Population Age Structure in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-23, May.
    4. Zhang Yangzi & Kenny S. L. Cheah & Mohd Shahril Nizam Bin Shaharom, 2023. "Enhancing Self-Leadership in Online Fitness Education and Training: Exploring Strategies and Addressing Challenges Among Social Media Influencers in Henan Province, China," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(4), pages 21582440231, December.
    5. Yi-Ching Lee & Lindsey A. Malcein & Sojung Claire Kim, 2021. "Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Usage during COVID-19: Motivating Factors and Implications," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-14, March.
    6. Xiangyou Shen & Megan MacDonald & Samuel W. Logan & Colby Parkinson & Lydia Gorrell & Bridget E. Hatfield, 2022. "Leisure Engagement during COVID-19 and Its Association with Mental Health and Wellbeing in U.S. Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-22, January.
    7. Curtis Fennell & Thomas Eremus & Moisés Grimaldi Puyana & Borja Sañudo, 2022. "The Importance of Physical Activity to Augment Mood during COVID-19 Lockdown," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-11, January.
    8. Kele Ding & Jingzhen Yang & Ming-Kai Chin & Lindsay Sullivan & J. Larry Durstine & Verónica Violant-Holz & Giyasettin Demirhan & Nara R.C. Oliveira & Biljana Popeska & Garry Kuan & Waheeda Khan & Jian, 2021. "Physical Activity among Adults Residing in 11 Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-16, July.
    9. Sandra Haider & Lee Smith & Lovro Markovic & Felipe B. Schuch & Kabir P. Sadarangani & Guillermo Felipe Lopez Sanchez & Rubén Lopez-Bueno & Alejandro Gil-Salmerón & Anita Rieder & Mark A. Tully & Lena, 2021. "Associations between Physical Activity, Sitting Time, and Time Spent Outdoors with Mental Health during the First COVID-19 Lock Down in Austria," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-12, August.
    10. Julie M. Turner-Cobb & Emily Arden-Close & Emma Portch & Liam Wignall, 2022. "Men and Women as Differential Social Barometers: Gender Effects of Perceived Friend Support on the Neuroticism-Loneliness-Well-Being Relationship in a Younger Adult Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-15, June.
    11. Teresa Rubio-Tomás & Maria Skouroliakou & Dimitrios Ntountaniotis, 2022. "Lockdown Due to COVID-19 and Its Consequences on Diet, Physical Activity, Lifestyle, and Other Aspects of Daily Life Worldwide: A Narrative Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-41, June.
    12. Ken Randall & Timothy G. Ford & Kyong-Ah Kwon & Susan S. Sisson & Matthew R. Bice & Danae Dinkel & Jessica Tsotsoros, 2021. "Physical Activity, Physical Well-Being, and Psychological Well-Being: Associations with Life Satisfaction during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Early Childhood Educators," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-20, September.
    13. Kathrin Wunsch & Korbinian Kienberger & Claudia Niessner, 2022. "Changes in Physical Activity Patterns Due to the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-48, February.
    14. Dejan Reljic & Annalena Eichhorn & Hans J. Herrmann & Markus F. Neurath & Yurdagül Zopf, 2022. "Very Low-Volume, High-Intensity Interval Training Mitigates Negative Health Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic-Induced Physical Inactivity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-19, September.
    15. Krzysztof Rząsa & Mateusz Ciski, 2022. "Influence of the Demographic, Social, and Environmental Factors on the COVID-19 Pandemic—Analysis of the Local Variations Using Geographically Weighted Regression," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-26, September.
    16. Ji-Hee Haam & Yang-Im Hur & Young-Sang Kim & Kyoung-Kon Kim & Jee-Hyun Kang & Hae-Jin Ko & Yoon Jeong Cho & Hye-In Choi & Kyu Rae Lee & Jung Ha Park & Soo Hyun Cho & Jong-Koo Kim & Taesic Lee & Myung-, 2022. "Fatty Liver Change in Korean Adults in a Systematic Social Distancing System Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-11, August.
    17. Lilian Krist & Christina Dornquast & Thomas Reinhold & Katja Icke & Ina Danquah & Stefan N. Willich & Heiko Becher & Thomas Keil, 2021. "Predictors of Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Turkish Migrant Cohort in Germany," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-13, September.
    18. Huimin Li & Yong Zhang, 2022. "Effects of Physical Activity and Circadian Rhythm Differences on the Mental Health of College Students in Schools Closed by COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-7, December.
    19. Sara Ortolan & Daniel Neunhaeuserer & Giulia Quinto & Barbara Barra & Anna Centanini & Francesca Battista & Marco Vecchiato & Valentina De Marchi & Martina Celidoni & Vincenzo Rebba & Andrea Ermolao, 2022. "Potential Cost Savings for the Healthcare System by Physical Activity in Different Chronic Diseases: A Pilot Study in the Veneto Region of Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-11, June.
    20. Lauren Arundell & Jenny Veitch & Shannon Sahlqvist & Riaz Uddin & Nicola D. Ridgers & Jo Salmon & Anna Timperio & Kate Parker, 2021. "Changes in Families’ Leisure, Educational/Work and Social Screen Time Behaviours before and during COVID-19 in Australia: Findings from the Our Life at Home Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-10, October.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:16:p:8433-:d:611631. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.