IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i15p8179-d607049.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Early Risk Factors for Obesity in the First 1000 Days—Relationship with Body Fat and BMI at 2 Years

Author

Listed:
  • Mercedes Díaz-Rodríguez

    (Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Celia Pérez-Muñoz

    (Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Jesús Carretero-Bravo

    (Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Catalina Ruíz-Ruíz

    (Clinic Management Unit (CMU), Andalusian Health System, 11510 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Manuel Serrano-Santamaría

    (Clinic Management Unit (CMU), Andalusian Health System, 11510 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Bernardo C. Ferriz-Mas

    (Clinic Management Unit (CMU), Andalusian Health System, 11510 Cádiz, Spain)

Abstract

(1) Background: Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of body fat. Several early developmental factors have been identified which are associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity and increased adiposity in childhood. The primary objective of the present study is to analyse the effect of various early risk factors on Body Mass Index (BMI) and body fat percentage at 2 years of age. (2) Methods: A prospective cohort study design was used, with the sample consisting of 109 mother-child pairs from whom data were collected between early pregnancy and 2 years old. Adiposity was determined based on skinfold measurements using the Brooks and Siri formulae. Mean comparison tests (Student’s t -test and ANOVAs) and multiple linear regression models were used to analyse the relationship between early programming factors and dependent variables. (3) Results: Maternal excess weight during early pregnancy ( β = 0.203, p = 0.026), gestational smoking ( β = 0.192, p = 0.036), and accelerated weight gain in the first 2 years ( β = − 0.269, p = 0.004) were significantly associated with high body fat percentage. Pre-pregnancy BMI and accelerated weight gain in the first 2 years were associated with high BMI z-score ( β = 0.174, p = 0.047 and β = 0.417, p = 0.000 respectively). The cumulative effect of these variables resulted in high values compared to the baseline zero-factor group, with significant differences in BMI z-score ( F = 8.640, p = 0.000) and body fat percentage ( F = 5.402, p = 0.002) when three factors were present. (4) Conclusions: The presence of several early risk factors related to obesity in infancy was significantly associated with higher BMI z-score and body fat percentage at 2 years of age. The presence of more than one of these variables was also associated with higher adiposity at 2 years of age. Early prevention strategies should address as many of these factors as possible.

Suggested Citation

  • Mercedes Díaz-Rodríguez & Celia Pérez-Muñoz & Jesús Carretero-Bravo & Catalina Ruíz-Ruíz & Manuel Serrano-Santamaría & Bernardo C. Ferriz-Mas, 2021. "Early Risk Factors for Obesity in the First 1000 Days—Relationship with Body Fat and BMI at 2 Years," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-13, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:15:p:8179-:d:607049
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/15/8179/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/15/8179/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhangbin Yu & Shuping Han & Jingai Zhu & Xiaofan Sun & Chenbo Ji & Xirong Guo, 2013. "Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index in Relation to Infant Birth Weight and Offspring Overweight/Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(4), pages 1-1, April.
    2. Mercedes Díaz-Rodríguez & Celia Pérez-Muñoz & José Manuel Lendínez-de la Cruz & Martina Fernández-Gutiérrez & Pilar Bas-Sarmiento & Bernardo C. Ferriz-Mas, 2020. "Effectiveness of a Multifactorial Intervention in the First 1000 Days of Life to Prevent Obesity and Overweight in Childhood: Study Protocol," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-12, March.
    3. Williams, D.P. & Going, S.B. & Lohman, T.G. & Harsha, D.W. & Srinivasan, S.R. & Webber, L.S. & Berenson, G.S., 1992. "Body fatness and risk for elevated blood pressure, total cholesterol, and serum lipoprotein ratios in children and adolescents," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 82(3), pages 358-363.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Helen Lee & Sarah Shea Crowne & Melanie Estarziau & Keith Kranker & Charles Michalopoulos & Anne Warren & Tod Mijanovich & Jill H. Filene & Anne Duggan & Virginia Knox, "undated". "The Effects of Home Visiting on Prenatal Health, Birth Outcomes, and Health Care Use in the First Year of Life: Final Implementation and Impact Findings from the Mother and Infant Home Visiting Progra," Mathematica Policy Research Reports a9626a8d90bf4f01811d0c9d7, Mathematica Policy Research.
    2. repec:mpr:mprres:2815 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Chiara Mameli & Sara Mazzantini & Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti, 2016. "Nutrition in the First 1000 Days: The Origin of Childhood Obesity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-9, August.
    4. Yvonne Hsiung & Ching-Fang Lee & Li-Kang Chi & Jian-Pei Huang, 2021. "“Moving for My Baby!” Motivators and Perceived Barriers to Facilitate Readiness for Physical Activity during Pregnancy among Obese and Overweight Women of Urban Areas in Northern Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-17, May.
    5. Joanna Baran & Aneta Weres & Rafał Baran & Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska & Justyna Leszczak & Justyna Wyszyńska, 2022. "Preterm Birth and the Type of Birth and Their Impact on the Incidence of Overweight and Obesity in Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-9, September.
    6. Briony Hill & Mathew Ling & Gita Mishra & Lisa J. Moran & Helena J. Teede & Lauren Bruce & Helen Skouteris, 2019. "Lifestyle and Psychological Factors Associated with Pregnancy Intentions: Findings from a Longitudinal Cohort Study of Australian Women," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-16, December.
    7. Caroline M. Sedumedi & Xanne Janssen & John J. Reilly & Herculina S. Kruger & Makama Andries Monyeki, 2021. "Association between Objectively Determined Physical Activity Levels and Body Composition in 6–8-Year-Old Children from a Black South African Population: BC–IT Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-12, June.
    8. Viktoryia Karchynskaya & Jaroslava Kopcakova & Daniel Klein & Aleš Gába & Andrea Madarasova-Geckova & Jitse P. van Dijk & Andrea F. de Winter & Sijmen A. Reijneveld, 2020. "Is BMI a Valid Indicator of Overweight and Obesity for Adolescents?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-10, July.
    9. Sarah Bell & Sarah Siau Yi Yew & Gemma Devenish & Diep Ha & Loc Do & Jane Scott, 2018. "Duration of Breastfeeding, but Not Timing of Solid Food, Reduces the Risk of Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 24 to 36 Months: Findings from an Australian Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-14, March.
    10. Theodosia Adom & André Pascal Kengne & Anniza De Villiers & Rose Boatin & Thandi Puoane, 2019. "Diagnostic Accuracy of Body Mass Index in Defining Childhood Obesity: Analysis of Cross-Sectional Data from Ghanaian Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-11, December.
    11. Hilde Liisa Nashandi & Andries Makama Monyeki & John J. Reilly, 2024. "Association between Physical Activity and Health Outcomes (High Body Fatness, High Blood Pressure) in Namibian Adolescents and Adult women," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(4), pages 1-13, April.
    12. Phyllis Addo & Eric Adua & Obed Akwaa Harrison & Rose Otema Baah & Alex Kojo Anderson & Matilda Steiner-Aseidu, 2017. "School-Based Nutrition Education Intervention Improves Nutrition Knowledge and Lipid Profile among Overweight/Obese Children," Global Journal of Health Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 9(10), pages 109-109, October.
    13. David Monasor-Ortolá & Jose Antonio Quesada-Rico & Ana Pilar Nso-Roca & Mercedes Rizo-Baeza & Ernesto Cortés-Castell & Asier Martínez-Segura & Francisco Sánchez-Ferrer, 2021. "Degree of Accuracy of the BMI Z-Score to Determine Excess Fat Mass Using DXA in Children and Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-9, November.
    14. Santiago Maillane-Vanegas & Francis Fatoye & Rafael Luiz-de-Marco & Jamile Sanches Codogno & Diego Augusto Santos Silva & Carlos Marcelo Pastre & Romulo A. Fernandes, 2022. "Low Occurrence of Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Swimming? Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Sports Participation in Adolescents: Cross Sectional Study (ABCD—Growth Study)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-11, March.
    15. Katarzyna Ługowska & Wojciech Kolanowski, 2022. "The Impact of Physical Activity at School on Body Fat Content in School-Aged Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-18, September.
    16. Andrea Ramirez & Alison Tovar & Gretel Garcia & Tanya Nieri & Stephanie Hernandez & Myrna Sastre & Ann M. Cheney, 2022. "Involvement of Non-Parental Caregivers in Obesity Prevention Interventions among 0–3-Year-Old Children: A Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-16, April.
    17. Mei-Hsin Hsu & Yu-Chieh Chen & Jiunn-Ming Sheen & Li-Tung Huang, 2020. "Maternal Obesity Programs Offspring Development and Resveratrol Potentially Reprograms the Effects of Maternal Obesity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-15, March.
    18. Richard P. Troiano & Ronette Briefel & Margaret D. Carroll & Karil Bialostosky, "undated". "Energy and Fat Intakes of Children and Adolescents in the United States: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys," Mathematica Policy Research Reports e1cab32da84a4d2887d073897, Mathematica Policy Research.
    19. Ewa Mierzejewska & Talita Honorato-Rzeszewicz & Dorota Świątkowska & Marzena Jurczak-Czaplicka & Tomasz Maciejewski & Anna Fijałkowska & Jagna Szulc-Kamińska & Anna Czach & Hanna Nałecz & Dorota Szost, 2020. "Evaluation of questionnaire as an instrument to measure the level of nutritional and weight gain knowledge in pregnant women in Poland. A pilot study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, January.
    20. Weihui Zhang & Tse-Chuan Yang, 2021. "Maternal Smoking and Infant Low Birth Weight: Exploring the Biological Mechanism Through the Mother’s Pre-pregnancy Weight Status," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 40(2), pages 211-229, April.
    21. Núbia de Souza de Morais & Francilene Maria Azevedo & Ariane Ribeiro de Freitas Rocha & Dayane de Castro Morais & Sarah Aparecida Vieira Ribeiro & Vivian Siqueira Santos Gonçalves & Sylvia do Carmo Ca, 2023. "Body Fat Is Superior to Body Mass Index in Predicting Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-11, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:15:p:8179-:d:607049. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.