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Sleep Duration and Waking Activities in Relation to the National Sleep Foundation’s Recommendations: An Analysis of US Population Sleep Patterns from 2015 to 2017

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  • Michael Osei Mireku

    (School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
    Lincoln Sleep Research (LiSReC), University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK)

  • Alina Rodriguez

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
    Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK)

Abstract

The objective was to investigate the association between time spent on waking activities and nonaligned sleep duration in a representative sample of the US population. We analysed time use data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), 2015–2017 ( N = 31,621). National Sleep Foundation (NSF) age-specific sleep recommendations were used to define recommended (aligned) sleep duration. The balanced, repeated, replicate variance estimation method was applied to the ATUS data to calculate weighted estimates. Less than half of the US population had a sleep duration that mapped onto the NSF recommendations, and alignment was higher on weekdays (45%) than at weekends (33%). The proportion sleeping longer than the recommended duration was higher than those sleeping shorter on both weekdays and weekends ( p < 0.001). Time spent on work, personal care, socialising, travel, TV watching, education, and total screen time was associated with nonalignment to the sleep recommendations. In comparison to the appropriate recommended sleep group, those with a too-short sleep duration spent more time on work, travel, socialising, relaxing, and leisure. By contrast, those who slept too long spent relatively less time on each of these activities. The findings indicate that sleep duration among the US population does not map onto the NSF sleep recommendations, mostly because of a higher proportion of long sleepers compared to short sleepers. More time spent on work, travel, and socialising and relaxing activities is strongly associated with an increased risk of nonalignment to NSF sleep duration recommendations.

Suggested Citation

  • Michael Osei Mireku & Alina Rodriguez, 2021. "Sleep Duration and Waking Activities in Relation to the National Sleep Foundation’s Recommendations: An Analysis of US Population Sleep Patterns from 2015 to 2017," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-15, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:11:p:6154-:d:570265
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Katharine G. Abraham & Aaron Maitland & Suzanne M. Bianchi, 2006. "Non-response in the American Time Use Survey: Who Is Missing from the Data and How Much Does It Matter?," NBER Technical Working Papers 0328, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    2. Tomislav Krističević & Lovro Štefan & Goran Sporiš, 2018. "The Associations between Sleep Duration and Sleep Quality with Body-Mass Index in a Large Sample of Young Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-10, April.
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    1. Jing-Yi Ai & Garry Kuan & Linda Ya-Ting Juang & Ching-Hsiu Lee & Yee-Cheng Kueh & I-Hua Chu & Xiao-Ling Geng & Yu-Kai Chang, 2022. "Effects of Multi-Component Exercise on Sleep Quality in Middle-Aged Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-11, November.

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