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Bisphenols as Environmental Triggers of Thyroid Dysfunction: Clues and Evidence

Author

Listed:
  • Francesca Gorini

    (Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
    These authors equally contributed to the manuscript.)

  • Elisa Bustaffa

    (Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
    These authors equally contributed to the manuscript.)

  • Alessio Coi

    (Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy)

  • Giorgio Iervasi

    (Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy)

  • Fabrizio Bianchi

    (Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy)

Abstract

Bisphenols (BPs), and especially bisphenol A (BPA), are known endocrine disruptors (EDCs), capable of interfering with estrogen and androgen activities, as well as being suspected of other health outcomes. Given the crucial role of thyroid hormones and the increasing incidence of thyroid carcinoma in the last few decades, this review analyzes the effects of BPS on the thyroid, considering original research in vitro, in vivo, and in humans published from January 2000 to October 2019. Both in vitro and in vivo studies reported the ability of BPs to disrupt thyroid function through multiple mechanisms. The antagonism with thyroid receptors (TRs), which affects TR-mediated transcriptional activity, the direct action of BPs on gene expression at the thyroid and the pituitary level, the competitive binding with thyroid transport proteins, and the induction of toxicity in several cell lines are likely the main mechanisms leading to thyroid dysfunction. In humans, results are more contradictory, though some evidence suggests the potential of BPs in increasing the risk of thyroid nodules. A standardized methodology in toxicological studies and prospective epidemiological studies with individual exposure assessments are warranted to evaluate the pathophysiology resulting in the damage and to establish the temporal relationship between markers of exposure and long-term effects.

Suggested Citation

  • Francesca Gorini & Elisa Bustaffa & Alessio Coi & Giorgio Iervasi & Fabrizio Bianchi, 2020. "Bisphenols as Environmental Triggers of Thyroid Dysfunction: Clues and Evidence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-46, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:8:p:2654-:d:344784
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tianle Tang & Yang Yang & Yawen Chen & Wenhao Tang & Fuqiang Wang & Xiaoping Diao, 2015. "Thyroid Disruption in Zebrafish Larvae by Short-Term Exposure to Bisphenol AF," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-16, October.
    2. Immacolata Cristina Nettore & Annamaria Colao & Paolo Emidio Macchia, 2018. "Nutritional and Environmental Factors in Thyroid Carcinogenesis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-11, August.
    3. La-or Chailurkit & Wichai Aekplakorn & Boonsong Ongphiphadhanakul, 2016. "The Association of Serum Bisphenol A with Thyroid Autoimmunity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-7, November.
    4. Francesca Gorini & Giorgio Iervasi & Alessio Coi & Letizia Pitto & Fabrizio Bianchi, 2018. "The Role of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Thyroid Carcinogenesis: Is It a Weak Hypothesis or a Hidden Reality? From Facts to New Perspectives," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-24, August.
    5. Vogel, S.A., 2009. "The politics of plastics: the making and unmaking of bisphenol a "safety"," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 99(S3), pages 559-566.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sabrina Tait & Fabrizia Carli & Luca Busani & Demetrio Ciociaro & Veronica Della Latta & Annalisa Deodati & Enrica Fabbrizi & Anna Paola Pala & Francesca Maranghi & Roberta Tassinari & Giacomo Toffol , 2021. "Italian Children Exposure to Bisphenol A: Biomonitoring Data from the LIFE PERSUADED Project," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-15, November.
    2. Denis Aseev & Agniya Batoeva & Marina Sizykh & Daniil Olennikov & Galina Matafonova, 2021. "Degradation of Bisphenol A in an Aqueous Solution by a Photo-Fenton-Like Process Using a UV KrCl Excilamp," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-11, January.
    3. Letizia Pitto & Francesca Gorini & Fabrizio Bianchi & Elena Guzzolino, 2020. "New Insights into Mechanisms of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Thyroid Diseases: The Epigenetic Way," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-18, October.
    4. Francesca Farrugia & Alexia Aquilina & Josanne Vassallo & Nikolai Paul Pace, 2021. "Bisphenol A and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Epidemiologic, Functional, and Early Life Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-26, January.
    5. Francesca Gorini & Fabrizio Bianchi & Giorgio Iervasi, 2020. "COVID-19 and Thyroid: Progress and Prospects," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-5, September.

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