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Bisphenol A and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Epidemiologic, Functional, and Early Life Factors

Author

Listed:
  • Francesca Farrugia

    (Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta)

  • Alexia Aquilina

    (Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta)

  • Josanne Vassallo

    (Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
    Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malt)

  • Nikolai Paul Pace

    (Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
    Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malt)

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterised by insulin resistance and eventual pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, resulting in persistent high blood glucose levels. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as bisphenol A (BPA) are currently under scrutiny as they are implicated in the development of metabolic diseases, including T2DM. BPA is a pervasive EDC, being the main constituent of polycarbonate plastics. It can enter the human body by ingestion, through the skin, and cross from mother to offspring via the placenta or breast milk. BPA is a xenoestrogen that alters various aspects of beta cell metabolism via the modulation of oestrogen receptor signalling. In vivo and in vitro models reveal that varying concentrations of BPA disrupt glucose homeostasis and pancreatic β-cell function by altering gene expression and mitochondrial morphology. BPA also plays a role in the development of insulin resistance and has been linked to long-term adverse metabolic effects following foetal and perinatal exposure. Several epidemiological studies reveal a significant association between BPA and the development of insulin resistance and impaired glucose homeostasis, although conflicting findings driven by multiple confounding factors have been reported. In this review, the main findings of epidemiological and functional studies are summarised and compared, and their respective strengths and limitations are discussed. Further research is essential for understanding the exact mechanism of BPA action in various tissues and the extent of its effects on humans at environmentally relevant doses.

Suggested Citation

  • Francesca Farrugia & Alexia Aquilina & Josanne Vassallo & Nikolai Paul Pace, 2021. "Bisphenol A and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Epidemiologic, Functional, and Early Life Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-26, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:2:p:716-:d:480989
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Francesca Gorini & Elisa Bustaffa & Alessio Coi & Giorgio Iervasi & Fabrizio Bianchi, 2020. "Bisphenols as Environmental Triggers of Thyroid Dysfunction: Clues and Evidence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-46, April.
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