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Challenges and Opportunities of Biocoagulant/Bioflocculant Application for Drinking Water and Wastewater Treatment and Its Potential for Sludge Recovery

Author

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  • Setyo Budi Kurniawan

    (Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah

    (Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Muhammad Fauzul Imron

    (Study Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia)

  • Nor Sakinah Mohd Said

    (Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Nur 'Izzati Ismail

    (Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Hassimi Abu Hasan

    (Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
    Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Ahmad Razi Othman

    (Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Ipung Fitri Purwanti

    (Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia)

Abstract

The utilization of metal-based conventional coagulants/flocculants to remove suspended solids from drinking water and wastewater is currently leading to new concerns. Alarming issues related to the prolonged effects on human health and further pollution to aquatic environments from the generated nonbiodegradable sludge are becoming trending topics. The utilization of biocoagulants/bioflocculants does not produce chemical residue in the effluent and creates nonharmful, biodegradable sludge. The conventional coagulation–flocculation processes in drinking water and wastewater treatment, including the health and environmental issues related to the utilization of metal-based coagulants/flocculants during the processes, are discussed in this paper. As a counterpoint, the development of biocoagulants/bioflocculants for drinking water and wastewater treatment is intensively reviewed. The characterization, origin, potential sources, and application of this green technology are critically reviewed. This review paper also provides a thorough discussion on the challenges and opportunities regarding the further utilization and application of biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water and wastewater treatment, including the importance of the selection of raw materials, the simplification of extraction processes, the application to different water and wastewater characteristics, the scaling up of this technology to a real industrial scale, and also the potential for sludge recovery by utilizing biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water/wastewater treatment.

Suggested Citation

  • Setyo Budi Kurniawan & Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah & Muhammad Fauzul Imron & Nor Sakinah Mohd Said & Nur 'Izzati Ismail & Hassimi Abu Hasan & Ahmad Razi Othman & Ipung Fitri Purwanti, 2020. "Challenges and Opportunities of Biocoagulant/Bioflocculant Application for Drinking Water and Wastewater Treatment and Its Potential for Sludge Recovery," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-33, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:24:p:9312-:d:461212
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kit Wayne Chew & Shir Reen Chia & Hong-Wei Yen & Saifuddin Nomanbhay & Yeek-Chia Ho & Pau Loke Show, 2019. "Transformation of Biomass Waste into Sustainable Organic Fertilizers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-19, April.
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    2. Ibrahim Muntaqa Tijjani Usman & Yeek-Chia Ho & Lavania Baloo & Man-Kee Lam & Pau-Loke Show & Wawan Sujarwo, 2023. "Comprehensive Review of Modification, Optimisation, and Characterisation Methods Applied to Plant-Based Natural Coagulants (PBNCs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-17, March.
    3. Ibrahim Muntaqa Tijjani Usman & Foo-Wei Lee & Yeek-Chia Ho & Han-Ping Khaw & Qi-Wen Chong & Yong-Ming Kee & Jun-Wei Lim & Pau-Loke Show, 2023. "Evaluation of Annona diversifolia Seed Extract as A Natural Coagulant for Water Treatment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-13, April.
    4. Frédéric Anderson Konkobo & Mamounata Diao & Paul Windinpsidi Savadogo & Roger Dakuyo & Noëlle Edwige Roamba & Sandrine Zongo & Mamoudou Hama Dicko, 2024. "Reduction of Malnutrition Related to Unsafe Water Consumption in Developing Countries: Potabilization of Surface Water and Traditional Well Water, with Plant Extracts," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(5), pages 1-21, April.
    5. Alicja Knap-Bałdyga & Monika Żubrowska-Sudoł, 2023. "Natural Organic Matter Removal in Surface Water Treatment via Coagulation—Current Issues, Potential Solutions, and New Findings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-24, September.
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