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Comprehensive Review of Modification, Optimisation, and Characterisation Methods Applied to Plant-Based Natural Coagulants (PBNCs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment

Author

Listed:
  • Ibrahim Muntaqa Tijjani Usman

    (Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
    Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bayero University Kano, Kano 700241, Nigeria)

  • Yeek-Chia Ho

    (Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia)

  • Lavania Baloo

    (Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia)

  • Man-Kee Lam

    (Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia)

  • Pau-Loke Show

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Shakhbout Bin Sultan St—Zone 1, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
    Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
    Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
    Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India)

  • Wawan Sujarwo

    (Ethnobotany Research Group, Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia)

Abstract

This review investigates the modification, optimisation, and characterisation of plant-based natural coagulants applied to water treatment. The disadvantages of plant-based materials hinder their application as alternatives to chemical coagulants, necessitating their modification to alter and enhance their physicochemical properties, making them suitable for application. Modification via microwave-assisted grafting copolymerisation has been found to be the most preferred approach compared to conventional methods. Optimisation of the coagulation process using response surface methodology has been shown to be practical. Different techniques are used in determining the physicochemical properties of plant-based natural coagulants. Some of these techniques have been tabulated, describing the properties each technique is capable of investigating. In conclusion, modification and optimisation of plant-based natural coagulants will result in the production of new materials that are stable and suitable for application as coagulants in water treatment.

Suggested Citation

  • Ibrahim Muntaqa Tijjani Usman & Yeek-Chia Ho & Lavania Baloo & Man-Kee Lam & Pau-Loke Show & Wawan Sujarwo, 2023. "Comprehensive Review of Modification, Optimisation, and Characterisation Methods Applied to Plant-Based Natural Coagulants (PBNCs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-17, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:5:p:4484-:d:1085950
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Setyo Budi Kurniawan & Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah & Muhammad Fauzul Imron & Nor Sakinah Mohd Said & Nur 'Izzati Ismail & Hassimi Abu Hasan & Ahmad Razi Othman & Ipung Fitri Purwanti, 2020. "Challenges and Opportunities of Biocoagulant/Bioflocculant Application for Drinking Water and Wastewater Treatment and Its Potential for Sludge Recovery," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-33, December.
    2. Alexander E. I. Brownlee & Michael G. Epitropakis & Jeroen Mulder & Marc Paelinck & Edmund K. Burke, 2022. "A systematic approach to parameter optimization and its application to flight schedule simulation software," Journal of Heuristics, Springer, vol. 28(4), pages 509-538, August.
    3. Siong-Chin Chua & Fai-Kait Chong & M. A. Malek & Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa & Norli Ismail & Wawan Sujarwo & Jun-Wei Lim & Yeek-Chia Ho, 2020. "Optimized Use of Ferric Chloride and Sesbania Seed Gum (SSG) as Sustainable Coagulant Aid for Turbidity Reduction in Drinking Water Treatment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-13, March.
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