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Associations between Urinary Excretion of Cadmium and Renal Biomarkers in Nonsmoking Females: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Areas of South China

Author

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  • Yun-rui Zhang

    (Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
    Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Medical School, Ji'Nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Ping Wang

    (Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
    Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou 511430, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Xu-xia Liang

    (Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China)

  • Chuen Seng Tan

    (Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore)

  • Jian-bin Tan

    (Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China)

  • Jing Wang

    (Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China)

  • Qiong Huang

    (Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China)

  • Rui Huang

    (Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
    Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou 511430, China)

  • Zhi-xue Li

    (Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
    Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Medical School, Ji'Nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China)

  • Wen-cai Chen

    (Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China)

  • Shi-xuan Wu

    (Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China)

  • Choon Nam Ong

    (National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute (NERI), 117597 Singapore)

  • Xing-fen Yang

    (Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China)

  • Yong-ning Wu

    (Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China)

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the relationship between urinary excretion of cadmium (U-Cd) and biomarkers of renal dysfunction. Methods: One hundred eighty five non-smoking female farmers (aged from 44 to 71 years) were recruited from two rural areas with different cadmium levels of exposure in southern China. Morning spot urine samples were collected for detecting U-Cd, urinary creatinine (U- cre ), β 2 -microglobulin (β 2 -MG), α 1 -microglobulin (α 1 -MG), metallothionein (MT), retinol binding protein (RBP), albumin (AB), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). Spearman’s rank correlation was carried out to assess pairwise bivariate associations between continuous variables. Three different models of multiple linear regression (the cre -corrected, un-corrected and cre -adjusted model) were used to model the dose-response relationships between U-Cd and nine urine markers. Results: Spearman’s rank correlation showed that NAG, ALP, RBP, β 2 -MG and MT were significantly associated with U-Cd for both cre -corrected and observed data. Generally, NAG correlated best with U-Cd among the nine biomarkers studied, followed by ALP and MT. In the un-corrected model and cre -adjusted model, the regression coefficients and R 2 of nine biomarkers were larger than the corresponding values in the cre -corrected model, indicating that the use of observed data was better for investigating the relationship between biomarkers and U-Cd than cre -corrected data. Conclusions: Our results suggest that NAG, MT and ALP in urine were better biomarkers for long-term environmental cadmium exposure assessment among the nine biomarkers studied. Further, data without normalization with creatinine show better relationships between cadmium exposure and renal dysfunction.

Suggested Citation

  • Yun-rui Zhang & Ping Wang & Xu-xia Liang & Chuen Seng Tan & Jian-bin Tan & Jing Wang & Qiong Huang & Rui Huang & Zhi-xue Li & Wen-cai Chen & Shi-xuan Wu & Choon Nam Ong & Xing-fen Yang & Yong-ning Wu, 2015. "Associations between Urinary Excretion of Cadmium and Renal Biomarkers in Nonsmoking Females: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Areas of South China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-14, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:12:y:2015:i:10:p:11988-12001:d:56365
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Akesson, A. & Berglund, M. & Schütz, A. & Bjellerup, P. & Bremme, K. & Vahter, M., 2002. "Cadmium exposure in pregnancy and lactation in relation to iron status," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 92(2), pages 284-287.
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    Cited by:

    1. Soisungwan Satarug & David A. Vesey & Glenda C. Gobe, 2022. "Dose–Response Analysis of the Tubular and Glomerular Effects of Chronic Exposure to Environmental Cadmium," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-14, August.

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