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Evaluation of the Dietary Intake of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury and Its Relationship with Bone Health among Postmenopausal Women in Spain

Author

Listed:
  • Luis M. Puerto-Parejo

    (Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
    These two authors contributed equally to this article.)

  • Ignacio Aliaga

    (Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
    These two authors contributed equally to this article.)

  • María L. Canal-Macias

    (Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain)

  • Olga Leal-Hernandez

    (Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain)

  • Raul Roncero-Martín

    (Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain)

  • Sergio Rico-Martín

    (Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain)

  • Jose M. Moran

    (Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain)

Abstract

Background: Heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, are absorbed through contaminated food sources and water. Few studies have investigated the extent to which dietary heavy metals are associated with low bone mineral density. Aims: We aimed to characterize the dietary intake of the heavy metals lead, cadmium and mercury among healthy, non-smoking postmenopausal women in Spain. Furthermore, we sought to establish a putative relationship between bone health and the intake of these heavy metals in this population. Study Design: The daily intake of the heavy metals considered for the different food groups was calculated by accounting for food content and consumption in 281 postmenopausal women. Bone measurements were performed using a Quantitative Bone Ultrasound (QUS), a Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and a Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT). Results: The average estimated dietary cadmium exposure among the 281 women studied was 29.87 μg/day (20.41–41.04) and 3.03 μg/kg body weight (b.w.; 2.17–4.40). Dietary lead exposure was 46.24 μg/day (38.11–54.77) and 4.87 μg/kg b.w. (4.00–6.14). The estimated dietary mercury exposure was 11.64 μg/day and 1.19 μg/kg b.w. (0.82–1.76). Participants were classified according to their heavy metal intake (above or below the respective medians). After further adjustment for potential confounding factors, no significant differences were found in all the measured parameters ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: We did not find associations between bone health and the dietary intake of three heavy metals in postmenopausal women. Dietary intake of the measured heavy metals were within the recommended values.

Suggested Citation

  • Luis M. Puerto-Parejo & Ignacio Aliaga & María L. Canal-Macias & Olga Leal-Hernandez & Raul Roncero-Martín & Sergio Rico-Martín & Jose M. Moran, 2017. "Evaluation of the Dietary Intake of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury and Its Relationship with Bone Health among Postmenopausal Women in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-12, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:6:p:564-:d:99799
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Akesson, A. & Berglund, M. & Schütz, A. & Bjellerup, P. & Bremme, K. & Vahter, M., 2002. "Cadmium exposure in pregnancy and lactation in relation to iron status," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 92(2), pages 284-287.
    2. Nisarat Songprasert & Thitiporn Sukaew & Khanitta Kusreesakul & Witaya Swaddiwudhipong & Chantana Padungtod & Kanitta Bundhamcharoen, 2015. "Additional Burden of Diseases Associated with Cadmium Exposure: A Case Study of Cadmium Contaminated Rice Fields in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-19, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jesus M. Lavado-García & Luis M. Puerto-Parejo & Raul Roncero-Martín & Jose M. Moran & Juan D. Pedrera-Zamorano & Ignacio J. Aliaga & Olga Leal-Hernández & Maria L. Canal-Macias, 2017. "Dietary Intake of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury and Its Association with Bone Health in Healthy Premenopausal Women," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-13, November.

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