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Environmental Risk Factors for Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Dementia and Frontotemporal Dementia: A Case-Control Study in Northern Italy

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  • Giorgia Adani

    (Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy)

  • Tommaso Filippini

    (Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy)

  • Caterina Garuti

    (Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy)

  • Marcella Malavolti

    (Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy)

  • Giulia Vinceti

    (Center for Neurosciences and Neurotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
    Neurology Unit, Modena Policlinico-University Hospital, 41126 Modena, Italy)

  • Giovanna Zamboni

    (Center for Neurosciences and Neurotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
    Neurology Unit, Modena Policlinico-University Hospital, 41126 Modena, Italy
    Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK)

  • Manuela Tondelli

    (Neurology Unit, Modena Policlinico-University Hospital, 41126 Modena, Italy
    Primary Care Department, Modena Local Health Authority, 41124 Modena, Italy)

  • Chiara Galli

    (Neurology Unit, Modena Policlinico-University Hospital, 41126 Modena, Italy
    Primary Care Department, Modena Local Health Authority, 41124 Modena, Italy
    Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health (NeuroFARBA), University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy)

  • Manuela Costa

    (Neurology Unit of Carpi Hospital, Modena Local Health Authority, 41012 Carpi, Italy)

  • Marco Vinceti

    (Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
    Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA)

  • Annalisa Chiari

    (Neurology Unit, Modena Policlinico-University Hospital, 41126 Modena, Italy)

Abstract

Background : Early-onset dementia (EOD) is defined as dementia with symptom onset before 65 years. The role of environmental risk factors in the etiology of EOD is still undefined. We aimed at assessing the role of environmental risk factors in EOD etiology, taking into account its different clinical types. Methods : Using a case-control study, we recruited all EOD cases referred to Modena hospitals from 2016 to 2019, while the referent population was drawn from cases’ caregivers. We investigated residential history, occupational and environmental exposures to chemicals and lifestyle behaviors through a self-administered questionnaire. We computed the odds ratios of EOD risk (overall and restricting to the Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD) diagnoses) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals using an unconditional logistic regression model. Results : Fifty-eight EOD patients (19 FTD and 32 AD) and 54 controls agreed to participate. Most of the investigated exposures, such as occupational exposure to aluminum, pesticides, dyes, paints or thinners, were associated with an increased odds ratio (OR) for FTD but not for AD. Long-term use of selenium-containing dietary supplements was associated with increased OR for EOD and, particularly, for FTD. For both EOD forms, smoking and playing football showed an increased odds ratio, while cycling was associated with increased risk only in FTD. Overall sports practice appeared to be a protective factor for both types. Conclusions : Our results suggest a role of environmental and behavioral risk factors such as some chemical exposures and professional sports in EOD etiology, in particular with reference to FTD. Overall sports practice may be associated with a reduced EOD risk.

Suggested Citation

  • Giorgia Adani & Tommaso Filippini & Caterina Garuti & Marcella Malavolti & Giulia Vinceti & Giovanna Zamboni & Manuela Tondelli & Chiara Galli & Manuela Costa & Marco Vinceti & Annalisa Chiari, 2020. "Environmental Risk Factors for Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Dementia and Frontotemporal Dementia: A Case-Control Study in Northern Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-18, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:21:p:7941-:d:436807
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Riccardo Mazzoli & Annalisa Chiari & Marco Vitolo & Caterina Garuti & Giorgia Adani & Giulia Vinceti & Giovanna Zamboni & Manuela Tondelli & Chiara Galli & Manuela Costa & Simone Salemme & Giuseppe Bo, 2024. "Atrial Fibrillation and Other Cardiovascular Factors and the Risk of Dementia: An Italian Case–Control Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(6), pages 1-12, May.
    2. Giorgia Allaria & Giulia De Negri Atanasio & Tommaso Filippini & Federica Robino & Lorenzo Dondero & Francesco Soggia & Francesca Rispo & Francesca Tardanico & Sara Ferrando & Stefano Aicardi & Ilaria, 2022. "Innovative In Vitro Strategy for Assessing Aluminum Bioavailability in Oral Care Cosmetics," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-13, July.

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