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Cognitive Differences in the Older Adults Living in the General Community: Gender and Mental Occupational State Study

Author

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  • Estela Calatayud

    (Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Carlos Salavera

    (Department of Psychology and Sociology, Education Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Isabel Gómez-Soria

    (Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

Abstract

Older adults are particularly vulnerable to cognitive impairment with age, and gender differences are remarkable. However, there is very little evidence to identify both baseline cognitive and occupational gender differences prior to older adults’ retirement to design more efficient personalized cognitive interventions. This descriptive observational study examined gender differences in initial cognitive performance in 367 older adults with subjective memory complaints from a primary healthcare center in Zaragoza (Spain). To evaluate initial cognitive performance, the Spanish version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MEC-35) and the set test were used to measure verbal fluency. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated, and cognitive and occupational differences were analyzed per gender. Men had higher educational and occupational levels, were older and more of them were married ( p < 0.001) than women. Regarding cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes and cerebrovascular accidents were more frequent in women, while hypercholesterolemia and obesity were more frequent in men ( p < 0.001). High blood pressure was more frequent in women, but not significantly so ( p = 0.639). Global cognition was higher in men ( p < 0.001) for attention, calculation, and language ( p < 0.001). Verbal fluency was higher in women, but the difference was not statistically significant ( p = 0.105). These results could be generalized to other health centers in the province and other Spanish autonomous communities as their sociodemographic variables are similar. Individualized interventions that adapt to gender, cognitive and initial occupational performance should be developed and adapted to elderly populations living in the general community to maintain their cognitive capacity and prevent their cognitive impairment and the social health costs this would imply.

Suggested Citation

  • Estela Calatayud & Carlos Salavera & Isabel Gómez-Soria, 2021. "Cognitive Differences in the Older Adults Living in the General Community: Gender and Mental Occupational State Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-12, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:6:p:3106-:d:519183
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hui Liu & Zhenmei Zhang & Seung-won Choi & Kenneth M Langa & Deborah Carr, 2020. "Marital Status and Dementia: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 75(8), pages 1783-1795.
    2. Jinkook Lee & Regina Shih & Kevin Feeney & Kenneth M. Langa, 2014. "Gender Disparity in Late-life Cognitive Functioning in India: Findings From the Longitudinal Aging Study in India," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 69(4), pages 603-611.
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