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Bioimpedance Vector Patterns Changes in Response to Swimming Training: An Ecological Approach

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  • Joana F. Reis

    (Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
    Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal)

  • Catarina N. Matias

    (Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
    Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal)

  • Francesco Campa

    (Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy)

  • José P. Morgado

    (Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
    Instituto Superior de Ciências Educativas, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
    Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • Paulo Franco

    (Federação Portuguesa de Natação, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • Pedro Quaresma

    (Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal)

  • Nuno Almeida

    (Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
    Instituto Superior de Ciências Educativas, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • Dalia Curto

    (Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal)

  • Stefania Toselli

    (Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy)

  • Cristina P. Monteiro

    (Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
    Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal)

Abstract

Background and aim: Monitoring bioelectric phase angle (PhA) provides important information on the health and the condition of the athlete. Together with the vector length, PhA constitutes the bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns, and their joint interpretation exceeds the limits of the evaluation of the PhA alone. The present investigation aimed to monitor changes in the BIVA patterns during a training macrocycle in swimmers, trying to ascertain if these parameters are sensitive to training load changes across a 13-week training period. Methods: Twelve national and international level swimmers (four females; eight males; 20.9 ± 1.9 years; with a competitive swimming background of 11.3 ± 1.8 years; undertaking 16–20 h of pool training and 4–5 h of dry-land training per week and 822.0 ± 59.0 International Swimming Federation (FINA) points) were evaluated for resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) using a single frequency phase sensitive bioimpedance device at the beginning of the macrocycle (M1), just before the beginning of the taper period (M2), and just before the main competition of the macrocycle (M3). At the three-time assessment points, swimmers also performed a 50 m all-out first stroke sprint with track start (T50 m) while time was recorded. Results: The results of the Hotelling T 2 test showed a significant vector displacement due to simultaneous R and Xc changes ( p < 0.001), where shifting from top to bottom along the major axis of the R-Xc graph from M1 to M2 was observed. From M2 to M3, a vector displacement up and left along the minor axis of the tolerance ellipses resulted in an increase in PhA ( p < 0.01). The results suggest a gain in fluid with a decrease in cellular density from M1 to M2 due to decrements in R and Xc. Nevertheless, the reduced training load characterizing taper seemed to allow for an increase in PhA and, most importantly, an increase of Xc, thus demonstrating improved cellular health and physical condition, which was concomitant with a significant increase in the T50 m performance ( p < 0.01). Conclusions: PhA, obtained by bioelectrical R and Xc, can be useful in monitoring the condition of swimmers preparing for competition. Monitoring BIVA patterns allows for an ecological approach to the swimmers’ health and condition assessment without resorting to equations to predict the related body composition variables.

Suggested Citation

  • Joana F. Reis & Catarina N. Matias & Francesco Campa & José P. Morgado & Paulo Franco & Pedro Quaresma & Nuno Almeida & Dalia Curto & Stefania Toselli & Cristina P. Monteiro, 2020. "Bioimpedance Vector Patterns Changes in Response to Swimming Training: An Ecological Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-10, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:13:p:4851-:d:380752
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Francesco Campa & Alessandro Piras & Milena Raffi & Aurelio Trofè & Monica Perazzolo & Gabriele Mascherini & Stefania Toselli, 2020. "The Effects of Dehydration on Metabolic and Neuromuscular Functionality during Cycling," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-10, February.
    2. Francesco Campa & Catarina Matias & Hannes Gatterer & Stefania Toselli & Josely C. Koury & Angela Andreoli & Giovanni Melchiorri & Luis B. Sardinha & Analiza M. Silva, 2019. "Classic Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Reference Values for Assessing Body Composition in Male and Female Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-12, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Elisabetta Marini & Roberto Buffa & Luis Alberto Gobbo & Guillermo Salinas-Escudero & Silvia Stagi & Carmen García-Peña & Sergio Sánchez-García & María Fernanda Carrillo-Vega, 2020. "Interpopulation Similarity of Sex and Age-Related Body Composition Variations Among Older Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-9, August.
    2. Floris C. Wardenaar & Daniel Thompsett & Kaila A. Vento & Kathryn Pesek & Dean Bacalzo, 2021. "Athletes’ Self-Assessment of Urine Color Using Two Color Charts to Determine Urine Concentration," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-11, April.
    3. Catarina N. Matias & Stefania Toselli & Cristina P. Monteiro & Francesco Campa, 2022. "Editorial: New Training Strategies and Evaluation Methods for Improving Health and Physical Performance," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-4, May.
    4. Francesco Campa & Analiza M. Silva & Catarina N. Matias & Cristina P. Monteiro & Antonio Paoli & João Pedro Nunes & Jacopo Talluri & Henry Lukaski & Stefania Toselli, 2020. "Body Water Content and Morphological Characteristics Modify Bioimpedance Vector Patterns in Volleyball, Soccer, and Rugby Players," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-12, September.
    5. Ivo B. Regli & Rachel Turner & Simon Woyke & Simon Rauch & Hermann Brugger & Hannes Gatterer, 2021. "Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis: A Valuable Tool to Monitor Daily Body Hydration Dynamics at Altitude," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-10, May.
    6. Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez & Juan Pedro Fuentes-García & Ricardo J. Fernandes & João Paulo Vilas-Boas, 2021. "Psychological and Physiological Features Associated with Swimming Performance," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-11, April.

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