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Failure Mode Identification and End of Life Scenarios of Offshore Wind Turbines: A Review

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  • Maria Martinez Luengo

    (Cranfield Energy, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK)

  • Athanasios Kolios

    (Cranfield Energy, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK)

Abstract

In 2007, the EU established challenging goals for all Member States with the aim of obtaining 20% of their energy consumption from renewables, and offshore wind is expected to be among the renewable energy sources contributing highly towards achieving this target. Currently wind turbines are designed for a 25-year service life with the possibility of operational extension. Extending their efficient operation and increasing the overall electricity production will significantly increase the return on investment (ROI) and decrease the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), considering that Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) will be distributed over a larger production output. The aim of this paper is to perform a detailed failure mode identification throughout the service life of offshore wind turbines and review the three most relevant end of life (EOL) scenarios: life extension, repowering and decommissioning. Life extension is considered the most desirable EOL scenario due to its profitability. It is believed that combining good inspection, operations and maintenance (O&M) strategies with the most up to date structural health monitoring and condition monitoring systems for detecting previously identified failure modes, will make life extension feasible. Nevertheless, for the cases where it is not feasible, other options such as repowering or decommissioning must be explored.

Suggested Citation

  • Maria Martinez Luengo & Athanasios Kolios, 2015. "Failure Mode Identification and End of Life Scenarios of Offshore Wind Turbines: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:8:y:2015:i:8:p:8339-8354:d:53903
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    Cited by:

    1. Manisha Sawant & Sameer Thakare & A. Prabhakara Rao & Andrés E. Feijóo-Lorenzo & Neeraj Dhanraj Bokde, 2021. "A Review on State-of-the-Art Reviews in Wind-Turbine- and Wind-Farm-Related Topics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-30, April.
    2. Topham, Eva & McMillan, David & Bradley, Stuart & Hart, Edward, 2019. "Recycling offshore wind farms at decommissioning stage," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 698-709.
    3. Jannie Sønderkær Nielsen & Lindsay Miller-Branovacki & Rupp Carriveau, 2021. "Probabilistic and Risk-Informed Life Extension Assessment of Wind Turbine Structural Components," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-16, February.
    4. Rubert, T. & Zorzi, G. & Fusiek, G. & Niewczas, P. & McMillan, D. & McAlorum, J. & Perry, M., 2019. "Wind turbine lifetime extension decision-making based on structural health monitoring," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 611-621.
    5. Albara M. Mustafa & Abbas Barabadi, 2022. "Criteria-Based Fuzzy Logic Risk Analysis of Wind Farms Operation in Cold Climate Regions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-17, February.
    6. Ren, Zhengru & Verma, Amrit Shankar & Li, Ye & Teuwen, Julie J.E. & Jiang, Zhiyu, 2021. "Offshore wind turbine operations and maintenance: A state-of-the-art review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    7. Jijian Lian & Ou Cai & Xiaofeng Dong & Qi Jiang & Yue Zhao, 2019. "Health Monitoring and Safety Evaluation of the Offshore Wind Turbine Structure: A Review and Discussion of Future Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-29, January.
    8. Mark Richmond & Ursula Smolka & Athanasios Kolios, 2020. "Feasibility for Damage Identification in Offshore Wind Jacket Structures through Monitoring of Global Structural Dynamics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-24, November.
    9. Maria Martinez-Luengo & Mahmood Shafiee, 2019. "Guidelines and Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Structural Health Monitoring Implementation in Offshore Wind Turbine Support Structures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-26, March.
    10. Koukoura, Sofia & Scheu, Matti Niclas & Kolios, Athanasios, 2021. "Influence of extended potential-to-functional failure intervals through condition monitoring systems on offshore wind turbine availability," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    11. Varvara Mytilinou & Estivaliz Lozano-Minguez & Athanasios Kolios, 2018. "A Framework for the Selection of Optimum Offshore Wind Farm Locations for Deployment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-23, July.
    12. Thomas Poulsen & Charlotte Bay Hasager, 2016. "How Expensive Is Expensive Enough? Opportunities for Cost Reductions in Offshore Wind Energy Logistics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-23, June.
    13. Angel Gil & Miguel A. Sanz-Bobi & Miguel A. Rodríguez-López, 2018. "Behavior Anomaly Indicators Based on Reference Patterns—Application to the Gearbox and Electrical Generator of a Wind Turbine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-15, January.
    14. Corinna Köpke & Jennifer Mielniczek & Alexander Stolz, 2023. "Testing Resilience Aspects of Operation Options for Offshore Wind Farms beyond the End-of-Life," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-12, June.
    15. Anne P. M. Velenturf, 2021. "A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-41, September.
    16. Thomas Poulsen & Charlotte Bay Hasager & Christian Munk Jensen, 2017. "The Role of Logistics in Practical Levelized Cost of Energy Reduction Implementation and Government Sponsored Cost Reduction Studies: Day and Night in Offshore Wind Operations and Maintenance Logistic," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-28, April.
    17. Hou, Peng & Enevoldsen, Peter & Hu, Weihao & Chen, Cong & Chen, Zhe, 2017. "Offshore wind farm repowering optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 834-844.
    18. Martinez-Luengo, Maria & Kolios, Athanasios & Wang, Lin, 2016. "Structural health monitoring of offshore wind turbines: A review through the Statistical Pattern Recognition Paradigm," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 91-105.
    19. Leimeister, Mareike & Kolios, Athanasios, 2018. "A review of reliability-based methods for risk analysis and their application in the offshore wind industry," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 1065-1076.

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