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Altering Kinetic Energy Entrainment in Large Eddy Simulations of Large Wind Farms Using Unconventional Wind Turbine Actuator Forcing

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  • Claire VerHulst

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA)

  • Charles Meneveau

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA)

Abstract

In this study, horizontally periodic large eddy simulations (LES) are utilized to study turbulent atmospheric boundary-layer flow over wind turbines in the far-downstream portion of a large wind farm where the wakes have merged and the flow is fully developed. In an attempt to increase power generation by enhancing the mean kinetic energy (MKE) entrainment to the wind turbines, hypothetical synthetic forcing is applied to the flow at the turbine rotor locations. The synthetic forcing is not meant to represent any existing devices or control schemes, but rather acts as a proof of concept to inform future designs. The turbines are modeled using traditional actuator disks, and the unconventional synthetic forcing is applied in the vertical direction with the magnitude and direction dependent on the instantaneous velocity fluctuation at the rotor disk; in one set of LES meant to enhance the vertical entrainment of MKE, a downward force is prescribed in conjunction with a positive axial velocity fluctuation, whereas a negative axial velocity fluctuation results in an upward force. The magnitude of the forcing is proportional to the instantaneous thrust force with prefactors ranging from 0.1 to 1. The synthetic vertical forcing is found to have a significant effect on the power generated by the wind farm. Consistent with previous findings, the MKE flux to the level of the turbines is found to vary along with the total power produced by the wind turbine array. The reverse strategy of downward forcing of slow axial velocity flow is found to have almost no effect on the power output or entrainment. Several of the scenarios tested, e.g., where the vertical force is of similar magnitude to the horizontal thrust, would be very difficult to implement in practice, but the simulations serve the purpose of identifying trends and bounds on possible power increases from flow modifications through action at the turbine rotor.

Suggested Citation

  • Claire VerHulst & Charles Meneveau, 2015. "Altering Kinetic Energy Entrainment in Large Eddy Simulations of Large Wind Farms Using Unconventional Wind Turbine Actuator Forcing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-17, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:8:y:2015:i:1:p:370-386:d:44292
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Fleming, Paul A. & Gebraad, Pieter M.O. & Lee, Sang & van Wingerden, Jan-Willem & Johnson, Kathryn & Churchfield, Matt & Michalakes, John & Spalart, Philippe & Moriarty, Patrick, 2014. "Evaluating techniques for redirecting turbine wakes using SOWFA," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 211-218.
    2. Myhr, Anders & Bjerkseter, Catho & Ågotnes, Anders & Nygaard, Tor A., 2014. "Levelised cost of energy for offshore floating wind turbines in a life cycle perspective," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 714-728.
    3. Chowdhury, Souma & Zhang, Jie & Messac, Achille & Castillo, Luciano, 2012. "Unrestricted wind farm layout optimization (UWFLO): Investigating key factors influencing the maximum power generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 16-30.
    4. Abkar, Mahdi & Porté-Agel, Fernando, 2014. "Mean and turbulent kinetic energy budgets inside and above very large wind farms under conventionally-neutral condition," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 142-152.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jacob R. West & Sanjiva K. Lele, 2020. "Wind Turbine Performance in Very Large Wind Farms: Betz Analysis Revisited," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-25, March.
    2. Wang, Longyan & Tan, Andy & Gu, Yuantong, 2016. "A novel control strategy approach to optimally design a wind farm layout," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 10-21.
    3. Pankaj K. Jha & Earl P. N. Duque & Jessica L. Bashioum & Sven Schmitz, 2015. "Unraveling the Mysteries of Turbulence Transport in a Wind Farm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(7), pages 1-29, June.
    4. Wim Munters & Johan Meyers, 2018. "Dynamic Strategies for Yaw and Induction Control of Wind Farms Based on Large-Eddy Simulation and Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-32, January.

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