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Biofuels from the Fresh Water Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (FWM-CV) for Diesel Engines

Author

Listed:
  • Saddam H. Al-lwayzy

    (National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture (NCEA), Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, QLD, Australia
    Department of Agricultural Machinery, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Al-Majmoa'a Street, Mosul 09334, Iraq)

  • Talal Yusaf

    (National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture (NCEA), Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, QLD, Australia)

  • Raed A. Al-Juboori

    (School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, QLD, Australia
    Faculty of Engineering, University of Kirkuk, Baghdad Road, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq)

Abstract

This work aims to investigate biofuels for diesel engines produced on a lab-scale from the fresh water microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (FWM-CV). The impact of growing conditions on the properties of biodiesel produced from FWM-CV was evaluated. The properties of FWM-CV biodiesel were found to be within the ASTM standards for biodiesel. Due to the limited amount of biodiesel produced on the lab-scale, the biomass of dry cells of FWM-CV was used to yield emulsified water fuel. The preparation of emulsion fuel with and without FWM-CV cells was conducted using ultrasound to overcome the problems of large size microalgae colonies and to form homogenized emulsions. The emulsified water fuels, prepared using ultrasound, were found to be stable and the size of FWM-CV colonies were effectively reduced to pass through the engine nozzle safely. Engine tests at 3670 rpm were conducted using three fuels: cottonseed biodiesel CS-B100, emulsified cottonseed biodiesel water fuel, water and emulsifier (CS-E20) and emulsified water containing FWM-CV cells CS-ME20. The results showed that the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was increased by about 41% when the engine was fueled with emulsified water fuels compared to CS-B100. The engine power, exhaust gas temperature, NO x and CO 2 were significantly lower than that produced by CS-B100. The CS-ME20 produced higher power than CS-E20 due to the heating value improvement as a result of adding FWM-CV cells to the fuel.

Suggested Citation

  • Saddam H. Al-lwayzy & Talal Yusaf & Raed A. Al-Juboori, 2014. "Biofuels from the Fresh Water Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (FWM-CV) for Diesel Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(3), pages 1-23, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:7:y:2014:i:3:p:1829-1851:d:34382
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Saddam H. Al-lwayzy & Talal Yusaf, 2013. "Chlorella protothecoides Microalgae as an Alternative Fuel for Tractor Diesel Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-18, February.
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    Cited by:

    1. Saddam H. Al-lwayzy & Talal Yusaf, 2015. "Combustion of Microalgae Oil and Ethanol Blended with Diesel Fuel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-11, December.
    2. Piloto-Rodríguez, Ramón & Sánchez-Borroto, Yisel & Melo-Espinosa, Eliezer Ahmed & Verhelst, Sebastian, 2017. "Assessment of diesel engine performance when fueled with biodiesel from algae and microalgae: An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 833-842.
    3. Amit Kumar Sharma & Pankaj Kumar Sharma & Venkateswarlu Chintala & Narayan Khatri & Alok Patel, 2020. "Environment-Friendly Biodiesel/Diesel Blends for Improving the Exhaust Emission and Engine Performance to Reduce the Pollutants Emitted from Transportation Fleets," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-18, May.
    4. Al-lwayzy, Saddam H. & Yusaf, Talal, 2017. "Diesel engine performance and exhaust gas emissions using Microalgae Chlorella protothecoides biodiesel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 690-701.
    5. Abu-Ghosh, Said & Fixler, Dror & Dubinsky, Zvy & Iluz, David, 2015. "Energy-input analysis of the life-cycle of microalgal cultivation systems and best scenario for oil-rich biomass production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 1082-1088.
    6. Ditl, Pavel, 2022. "Estimating the limits of renewable energy from phytomass," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PC).
    7. Tayari, Sara & Abedi, Reza & Rahi, Abbas, 2020. "Comparative assessment of engine performance and emissions fueled with three different biodiesel generations," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 1058-1069.
    8. Adeniyi, Oladapo Martins & Azimov, Ulugbek & Burluka, Alexey, 2018. "Algae biofuel: Current status and future applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 316-335.
    9. Xu, Yanan & Hellier, Paul & Purton, Saul & Baganz, Frank & Ladommatos, Nicos, 2016. "Algal biomass and diesel emulsions: An alternative approach for utilizing the energy content of microalgal biomass in diesel engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 80-95.
    10. Nirmala, N. & Dawn, S.S., 2021. "Optimization of Chlorella variabilis. MK039712.1 lipid transesterification using Response Surface Methodology and analytical characterization of biodiesel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1663-1673.
    11. Fazal, Tahir & Mushtaq, Azeem & Rehman, Fahad & Ullah Khan, Asad & Rashid, Naim & Farooq, Wasif & Rehman, Muhammad Saif Ur & Xu, Jian, 2018. "Bioremediation of textile wastewater and successive biodiesel production using microalgae," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3107-3126.
    12. Grira, Soumaya & Abu Khalifeh, Hadil & Alkhedher, Mohammad & Ramadan, Mohamad, 2023. "The conventional microalgal biofuel production process and the alternative milking pathway: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    13. Felix, Charles & Ubando, Aristotle & Madrazo, Cynthia & Gue, Ivan Henderson & Sutanto, Sylviana & Tran-Nguyen, Phuong Lan & Go, Alchris Woo & Ju, Yi-Hsu & Culaba, Alvin & Chang, Jo-Shu & Chen, Wei-Hsi, 2019. "Non-catalytic in-situ (trans) esterification of lipids in wet microalgae Chlorella vulgaris under subcritical conditions for the synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 526-537.
    14. Saddam H. Al-lwayzy & Talal Yusaf & Khalid Saleh & Belal Yousif, 2019. "The Influence of Emulsified Water Fuel Containing Fresh Water Microalgae on Diesel Engine Performance, Combustion, Vibration and Emission," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-17, July.

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