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Non-catalytic in-situ (trans) esterification of lipids in wet microalgae Chlorella vulgaris under subcritical conditions for the synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters

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  • Felix, Charles
  • Ubando, Aristotle
  • Madrazo, Cynthia
  • Gue, Ivan Henderson
  • Sutanto, Sylviana
  • Tran-Nguyen, Phuong Lan
  • Go, Alchris Woo
  • Ju, Yi-Hsu
  • Culaba, Alvin
  • Chang, Jo-Shu
  • Chen, Wei-Hsin

Abstract

Microalgae offer promising and multifaceted solutions to the ongoing issues regarding energy security and climate change. One of the major bottlenecks in utilizing algal biomass is the excessive amount of moisture to be managed after harvest, which translates to costs in the dewatering step. Newer strategies have been developed to be able to convert algal biomass feedstock to biodiesel without the need for extraction and drying, such as in-situ transesterification. This process can be improved by concurrently subjecting the system under subcritical conditions, which could also potentially remove the use of catalysts as well as offer tolerance to free fatty acid content of the feedstock. A definitive screening design of experiment was utilized to provide an acceptable prediction on the effects of key process parameters – temperature, reaction time, and solvent-to-solid ratio to the obtainable fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield and process power consumption. The optimum operating condition, which combines the benefits of maximizing the FAME yield and minimizing the process power consumption was found to be at 220 °C, 2 h, and 8 ml methanol per gram of biomass (80 wt% moisture). This produces a FAME yield of 74.6% with respect to the maximum obtainable FAME. Sensitivity analysis discussed the implications regarding the weight of importance between the two responses of interest. The benefits of the proposed process can be observed when compared to its conventional transesterification counterpart in terms of energy savings and reduced environmental impact. Hence, this process offers a feasible alternative to produce biodiesel from microalgae.

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  • Felix, Charles & Ubando, Aristotle & Madrazo, Cynthia & Gue, Ivan Henderson & Sutanto, Sylviana & Tran-Nguyen, Phuong Lan & Go, Alchris Woo & Ju, Yi-Hsu & Culaba, Alvin & Chang, Jo-Shu & Chen, Wei-Hsi, 2019. "Non-catalytic in-situ (trans) esterification of lipids in wet microalgae Chlorella vulgaris under subcritical conditions for the synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 526-537.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:248:y:2019:i:c:p:526-537
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.149
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    2. Ubando, Aristotle T. & Rivera, Diana Rose T. & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Culaba, Alvin B., 2020. "Life cycle assessment of torrefied microalgal biomass using torrefaction severity index with the consideration of up-scaling production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1113-1124.
    3. Alvin B. Culaba & Aristotle T. Ubando & Phoebe Mae L. Ching & Wei-Hsin Chen & Jo-Shu Chang, 2020. "Biofuel from Microalgae: Sustainable Pathways," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-19, September.
    4. Munir, Mamoona & Ahmad, Mushtaq & Saeed, Muhammad & Waseem, Amir & Nizami, Abdul-Sattar & Sultana, Shazia & Zafar, Muhammad & Rehan, Mohammad & Srinivasan, Gokul Raghavendra & Ali, Arshid Mahmood & Al, 2021. "Biodiesel production from novel non-edible caper (Capparis spinosa L.) seeds oil employing Cu–Ni doped ZrO2 catalyst," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    5. Amarnath Krishnamoorthy & Cristina Rodriguez & Andy Durrant, 2022. "Sustainable Approaches to Microalgal Pre-Treatment Techniques for Biodiesel Production: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-30, August.

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