IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i4p981-d1593880.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Experimental Study and Reaction Pathway Analysis of Solvothermal Directional Conversion of Pyrolysis Crude Oil to Liquid Fuel

Author

Listed:
  • Qi Wei

    (State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)

  • Zhongyang Luo

    (State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)

  • Qian Qian

    (State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)

  • Jingkang Shi

    (State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)

  • Feiting Miao

    (State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)

Abstract

The high viscosity and oxygen content of pyrolysis crude oil hinder the advancement of pyrolysis technology. To address the issue, this study conducted hydrodeoxygenation upgrading experiments on pyrolysis crude oil using hydrothermal directional conversion. A variable analysis was performed to assess the differences in upgrading effects based on the active metal (Ru, Pt) and the supports (activated carbon, Nb 2 O 5 , MgO) of the supported catalyst, and further investigations were conducted on the catalyst with bimetallic doping modification. Optimal reaction conditions were determined by adjusting the reaction temperature. Additionally, directional conversion studies of model compounds were carried out to elucidate the reaction pathway. The results indicated that the Pt/MgO catalyst achieved the highest yield of stable and combustible compounds (hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, esters, and ketones), with a yield of 17.8 wt%. Upon modification with Ni doping, the yield increased by 49.5%. The upgrading effect improved with an increase in reaction temperature, and the yield of target compounds was 26.7 wt% at 290 °C, with an energy conversion rate of 72.6% and a selectivity of 75.8%. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of the upgraded oil were similar to those of ethanol. All three model compounds underwent 100% conversion. This study provides both experimental support and a theoretical foundation for the further development of biomass conversion technology.

Suggested Citation

  • Qi Wei & Zhongyang Luo & Qian Qian & Jingkang Shi & Feiting Miao, 2025. "Experimental Study and Reaction Pathway Analysis of Solvothermal Directional Conversion of Pyrolysis Crude Oil to Liquid Fuel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-30, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:4:p:981-:d:1593880
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/4/981/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/4/981/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Angel Alcazar-Ruiz & Fernando Dorado & Luz Sanchez-Silva, 2022. "Influence of Temperature and Residence Time on Torrefaction Coupled to Fast Pyrolysis for Valorizing Agricultural Waste," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-19, October.
    2. Patel, Madhumita & Kumar, Amit, 2016. "Production of renewable diesel through the hydroprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass-derived bio-oil: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1293-1307.
    3. Tong Wang & Tuo Zhou & Chaoran Li & Qiang Song & Man Zhang & Hairui Yang, 2024. "Development Status and Prospects of Biomass Energy in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-25, September.
    4. Fujin Mo & Habib Ullah & Noor Zada & Asfandyar Shahab, 2023. "A Review on Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Plastics Waste as a Thermochemical Conversion to Produce Valuable Products," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-28, July.
    5. Jose Sabino & Denisson O. Liborio & Santiago Arias & Juan F. Gonzalez & Celmy M. B. M. Barbosa & Florival R. Carvalho & Roger Frety & Ivoneide C. L. Barros & Jose Geraldo A. Pacheco, 2023. "Hydrogen-Free Deoxygenation of Oleic Acid and Industrial Vegetable Oil Waste on CuNiAl Catalysts for Biofuel Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-20, August.
    6. Wei, Xiaocui & Cao, Yang & Li, Jin, 2022. "Synergistic effect of acid sites and a gallium-based modified meso-/microporous catalyst for the pyrolysis of biomass," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 580-590.
    7. I. Fernández & S. F. Pérez & J. Fernández-Ferreras & T. Llano, 2024. "Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Forest Biomass," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-34, September.
    8. Wojciech Jerzak & Esther Acha & Bin Li, 2024. "Comprehensive Review of Biomass Pyrolysis: Conventional and Advanced Technologies, Reactor Designs, Product Compositions and Yields, and Techno-Economic Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-31, October.
    9. Zhang, Xinghua & Tang, Wenwu & Zhang, Qi & Wang, Tiejun & Ma, Longlong, 2018. "Hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived phenoic compounds to hydrocarbon fuel over supported Ni-based catalysts," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C), pages 73-79.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ambursa, Murtala M. & Juan, Joon Ching & Yahaya, Y. & Taufiq-Yap, Y.H. & Lin, Yu-Chuan & Lee, Hwei Voon, 2021. "A review on catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of lignin to transportation fuels by using nickel-based catalysts," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    2. Nawaz, Ahmad & Razzak, Shaikh Abdur, 2024. "Co-pyrolysis of biomass and different plastic waste to reduce hazardous waste and subsequent production of energy products: A review on advancement, synergies, and future prospects," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    3. Lim, Juin Yau & Teng, Sin Yong & How, Bing Shen & Nam, KiJeon & Heo, SungKu & Máša, Vítězslav & Stehlík, Petr & Yoo, Chang Kyoo, 2022. "From microalgae to bioenergy: Identifying optimally integrated biorefinery pathways and harvest scheduling under uncertainties in predicted climate," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    4. Zhang, Xing & Wang, Kaige & Chen, Junhao & Zhu, Lingjun & Wang, Shurong, 2020. "Mild hydrogenation of bio-oil and its derived phenolic monomers over Pt–Ni bimetal-based catalysts," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    5. Chen, Yu-Kai & Lin, Cheng-Han & Wang, Wei-Cheng, 2020. "The conversion of biomass into renewable jet fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    6. Francisco Rodríguez & Yuby Cruz & Idoia Estiati & Juan F. Saldarriaga, 2019. "Kinetic Study of Corn and Sugarcane Waste Oxidative Pyrolysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-14, December.
    7. Savvas L. Douvartzides & Nikolaos D. Charisiou & Kyriakos N. Papageridis & Maria A. Goula, 2019. "Green Diesel: Biomass Feedstocks, Production Technologies, Catalytic Research, Fuel Properties and Performance in Compression Ignition Internal Combustion Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-41, February.
    8. Yang, Xinyu & Shao, Shanshan & Li, Xiaohua & Tang, Dong, 2023. "Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of bio-oil over biochar-based CuO catalyst using methanol as hydrogen donor," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 21-30.
    9. Chen, Wei & Fang, Yang & Li, Kaixu & Chen, Zhiqun & Xia, Mingwei & Gong, Meng & Chen, Yingquan & Yang, Haiping & Tu, Xin & Chen, Hanping, 2020. "Bamboo wastes catalytic pyrolysis with N-doped biochar catalyst for phenols products," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    10. Fan, Liangliang & Ruan, Roger & Li, Jun & Ma, Longlong & Wang, Chenguang & Zhou, Wenguang, 2020. "Aromatics production from fast co-pyrolysis of lignin and waste cooking oil catalyzed by HZSM-5 zeolite," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    11. Amarasekara, Ananda S. & Gutierrez Reyes, Cristian D., 2019. "Brønsted acidic ionic liquid catalyzed one-pot conversion of cellulose to furanic biocrude and identification of the products using LC-MS," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 352-357.
    12. Yuyang Zeng & Tuo Zhou & Tong Wang & Man Zhang & Shuping Zhang & Hairui Yang, 2025. "Long-Duration Energy Storage: A Critical Enabler for Renewable Integration and Decarbonization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-22, January.
    13. Wang, Zhiwei & Li, Zaifeng & Lei, Tingzhou & Yang, Miao & Qi, Tian & Lin, Lu & Xin, Xiaofei & Ajayebi, Atta & Yang, Yantao & He, Xiaofeng & Yan, Xiaoyu, 2016. "Life cycle assessment of energy consumption and environmental emissions for cornstalk-based ethyl levulinate," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 170-181.
    14. Juraj Kukuruzović & Ana Matin & Mislav Kontek & Tajana Krička & Božidar Matin & Ivan Brandić & Alan Antonović, 2023. "The Effects of Demineralization on Reducing Ash Content in Corn and Soy Biomass with the Goal of Increasing Biofuel Quality," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-12, January.
    15. Li, Xin & Luo, Xingyi & Jin, Yangbin & Li, Jinyan & Zhang, Hongdan & Zhang, Aiping & Xie, Jun, 2018. "Heterogeneous sulfur-free hydrodeoxygenation catalysts for selectively upgrading the renewable bio-oils to second generation biofuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3762-3797.
    16. Gunasekaran, Vijayakumar & Gurusamy, Harichandran & Ravi, Ganesan & Rathinam, Yuvakkumar, 2024. "Sustainable synthesis of bio-diesel and jet-fuel range hydrocarbons from poisonous Abrus Precatorius seed oil over MoO3-HPW/Ga-KIT-6," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    17. Zhu, Yingbo & Ma, Yulong & Sun, Yonggang & Wang, Liqiong & Ding, Jie & Zhong, Yudan & Zhang, Juan & Wang, Lei & Li, Yuanyuan, 2023. "In-situ construction of N-doped hollow carbon polyhedral cage anchored Co-Ni dual binding sites as nanoreactor for efficient real lignin oil hydrodeoxygenation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
    18. Li, Zhiyu & Jiang, Enchen & Xu, Xiwei & Sun, Yan & Tu, Ren, 2020. "Hydrodeoxygenation of phenols, acids, and ketones as model bio-oil for hydrocarbon fuel over Ni-based catalysts modified by Al, La and Ga," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 1991-2007.
    19. Li, Haowei & Ma, Hongwei & Zhao, Weijie & Li, Xuehui & Long, Jinxing, 2019. "Upgrading lignin bio-oil for oxygen-containing fuel production using Ni/MgO: Effect of the catalyst calcination temperature," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    20. Scaldaferri, C.A. & Pasa, V.M.D., 2019. "Green diesel production from upgrading of cashew nut shell liquid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 303-313.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:4:p:981-:d:1593880. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.