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Green Anisole Solvent-Based Synthesis and Deposition of Phthalocyanine Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells

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  • Suresh K. Podapangi

    (C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Laura Mancini

    (Istituto di Struttura della Materia—CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Jie Xu

    (C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy)

  • Sathy Harshavardhan Reddy

    (C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy)

  • Aldo Di Carlo

    (C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
    Istituto di Struttura della Materia—CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy)

  • Thomas M. Brown

    (C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy)

  • Gloria Zanotti

    (Istituto di Struttura della Materia—CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy)

Abstract

Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) have attracted attention due to their low cost, easy solution processability, high efficiency, and scalability. However, the benchmark expensive hole transport material (HTM) 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-MeOTAD), which is traditionally solution-processed with toxic solvents such as chlorobenzene (CB), dichlorobenzene (DCB), or toluene, is a bottleneck. To address this issue, this work investigates the implementation of Zn(II), Cu(II), or Co(II) tetra- tert -butylphthalocyanines (TBU4-Cu, TBU4-Zn, TBU4-Co), established macrocyclic derivatives whose synthesis and processing inside the devices have been redesigned to be more environmentally sustainable and cost-effective by substituting conventional solvents with greener alternatives such as anisole, propane-1,2-diol, and their mixture, as dopant-free HTMs in planar n-i-p PSCs. The anisole-processed HTMs provided power conversion efficiencies (PCE) up to 12.27% for TBU4-Cu and 11.73% for TBU4-Zn, with better photovoltaic parameters than the corresponding cells made with chlorobenzene for which the best results obtained were, respectively, 12.22% and 10.81%.

Suggested Citation

  • Suresh K. Podapangi & Laura Mancini & Jie Xu & Sathy Harshavardhan Reddy & Aldo Di Carlo & Thomas M. Brown & Gloria Zanotti, 2023. "Green Anisole Solvent-Based Synthesis and Deposition of Phthalocyanine Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:9:p:3643-:d:1131197
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. De Rossi, Francesca & Pontecorvo, Tadeo & Brown, Thomas M., 2015. "Characterization of photovoltaic devices for indoor light harvesting and customization of flexible dye solar cells to deliver superior efficiency under artificial lighting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 413-422.
    3. T. Jesper Jacobsson & Adam Hultqvist & Alberto García-Fernández & Aman Anand & Amran Al-Ashouri & Anders Hagfeldt & Andrea Crovetto & Antonio Abate & Antonio Gaetano Ricciardulli & Anuja Vijayan & Ash, 2022. "An open-access database and analysis tool for perovskite solar cells based on the FAIR data principles," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 7(1), pages 107-115, January.
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