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Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation in Four-Area Interconnected Power Systems Using a Gradient-Based Optimizer

Author

Listed:
  • Tayyab Ali

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Suheel Abdullah Malik

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Amil Daraz

    (School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China)

  • Muhammad Adeel

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Sheraz Aslam

    (Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus)

  • Herodotos Herodotou

    (Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus)

Abstract

Existing interconnected power systems (IPSs) are being overloaded by the expansion of the industrial and residential sectors together with the incorporation of renewable energy sources, which cause serious fluctuations in frequency, voltage, and tie-line power. The automatic voltage regulation (AVR) and load frequency control (LFC) loops provide high quality power to all consumers with nominal frequency, voltage, and tie-line power deviation, ensuring the stability and security of IPS in these conditions. In this paper, a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is investigated for the effective control of a four-area IPS. Each IPS area has five generating units including gas, thermal reheat, hydro, and two renewable energy sources, namely wind and solar photovoltaic plants. The PID controller was tuned by a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm known as a gradient-based optimizer (GBO). The integral of time multiplied by squared value of error (ITSE) was utilized as an error criterion for the evaluation of the fitness function. The voltage, frequency, and tie-line power responses of GBO-PID were evaluated and compared with integral–proportional derivative (GBO-I-PD), tilt integral derivative (GBO-TID), and integral–proportional (GBO-I-P) controllers with 5% step load perturbation (SLP) provided in each of the four areas. Comprehensive comparisons between GBO-PID and other control methodologies revealed that the proposed GBO-PID controller provides superior voltage, frequency, and tie-line power responses in each area. The reliability and efficacy of GBO-PID methodology were further validated with variations in the turbine time constant and speed regulation over a range of  ± 25%. It is evident from the outcomes of the sensitivity analysis that the proposed GBO-PID control methodology is very reliable and can successfully stabilize the deviations in terminal voltage, load frequency, and tie-line power with a shorter settling time in a four-area IPS.

Suggested Citation

  • Tayyab Ali & Suheel Abdullah Malik & Amil Daraz & Muhammad Adeel & Sheraz Aslam & Herodotos Herodotou, 2023. "Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation in Four-Area Interconnected Power Systems Using a Gradient-Based Optimizer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-27, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:5:p:2086-:d:1075316
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Amil Daraz & Suheel Abdullah Malik & Ihsan Ul Haq & Khan Bahadar Khan & Ghulam Fareed Laghari & Farhan Zafar, 2020. "Modified PID controller for automatic generation control of multi-source interconnected power system using fitness dependent optimizer algorithm," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-31, November.
    2. Tayyab Ali & Suheel Abdullah Malik & Ibrahim A. Hameed & Amil Daraz & Hana Mujlid & Ahmad Taher Azar, 2022. "Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation in a Multi-Area Interconnected Power System Using Nature-Inspired Computation-Based Control Methodology," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-30, September.
    3. CH. Naga Sai Kalyan & B. Srikanth Goud & Ch. Rami Reddy & Mohit Bajaj & Naveen Kumar Sharma & Hassan Haes Alhelou & Pierluigi Siano & Salah Kamel, 2022. "Comparative Performance Assessment of Different Energy Storage Devices in Combined LFC and AVR Analysis of Multi-Area Power System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-22, January.
    4. Amil Daraz & Suheel Abdullah Malik & Athar Waseem & Ahmad Taher Azar & Ihsan Ul Haq & Zahid Ullah & Sheraz Aslam, 2021. "Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Source Interconnected Power System Using FOI-TD Controller," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-18, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Waqar Younis & Muhammad Zubair Yameen & Abu Tayab & Hafiz Ghulam Murtza Qamar & Ehab Ghith & Mehdi Tlija, 2024. "Enhancing Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Power System Using Hybrid PSO-AHA Optimizer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-40, August.
    2. Weichao He & Yuemin Zheng & Jin Tao & Yujuan Zhou & Jiayan Wen & Qinglin Sun, 2023. "A Novel Fractional-Order Active Disturbance Rejection Load Frequency Control Based on An Improved Marine Predator Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-23, June.
    3. Ashraf K. Abdelaal & Mohamed A. El-Hameed, 2024. "Application of Robust Super Twisting to Load Frequency Control of a Two-Area System Comprising Renewable Energy Resources," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-15, June.

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