IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i17p6396-d1232518.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Hedging Strategies in Carbon Emission Price Dynamics: Implications for Shipping Markets

Author

Listed:
  • Theodoros Syriopoulos

    (Ports Management and Shipping Department, School of Economics and Political Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece)

  • Efthymios Roumpis

    (Ports Management and Shipping Department, School of Economics and Political Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece)

  • Michael Tsatsaronis

    (Ports Management and Shipping Department, School of Economics and Political Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece)

Abstract

The European Union (EU) has agreed to gradually include shipping in the EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS), which makes shipping companies vulnerable to carbon price fluctuations. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of carbon and petroleum futures contracts in managing carbon and bunker risks. We examine the effectiveness of alternative hedging methods, including both static and dynamic approaches, to estimate optimal hedge ratios under single and composite cross-hedge settings. Our results show that carbon future contracts are important for hedging the carbon emission allowances price risk, and Brent oil futures are the most effective instrument for out-of-sample hedging of bunker prices. In addition, the hedging effectiveness indicates that conventional methods outperform the sophisticated models in terms of variance reduction. Our study offers new insights into how the carbon and bunker markets relate to a combination hedging in reducing the joint price risk, which can be used to promote risk management in the market.

Suggested Citation

  • Theodoros Syriopoulos & Efthymios Roumpis & Michael Tsatsaronis, 2023. "Hedging Strategies in Carbon Emission Price Dynamics: Implications for Shipping Markets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-27, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:17:p:6396-:d:1232518
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/17/6396/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/17/6396/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Alizadeh, Amir H. & Nomikos, Nikos K., 2004. "Cost of carry, causality and arbitrage between oil futures and tanker freight markets," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 40(4), pages 297-316, July.
    2. Leland L. Johnson, 1960. "The Theory of Hedging and Speculation in Commodity Futures," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 27(3), pages 139-151.
    3. Shi, Yubing, 2016. "Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping: Is it time to consider market-based measures?," Marine Policy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 123-134.
    4. Rannou, Yves & Boutabba, Mohamed Amine & Barneto, Pascal, 2021. "Are Green Bond and Carbon Markets in Europe complements or substitutes? Insights from the activity of power firms," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    5. Seifert, Jan & Uhrig-Homburg, Marliese & Wagner, Michael, 2008. "Dynamic behavior of CO2 spot prices," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 56(2), pages 180-194, September.
    6. Lin, Boqiang & Chen, Yufang, 2019. "Dynamic linkages and spillover effects between CET market, coal market and stock market of new energy companies: A case of Beijing CET market in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 1198-1210.
    7. Oestreich, A. Marcel & Tsiakas, Ilias, 2015. "Carbon emissions and stock returns: Evidence from the EU Emissions Trading Scheme," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 294-308.
    8. Donald Lien & Y. K. Tse & Albert Tsui, 2002. "Evaluating the hedging performance of the constant-correlation GARCH model," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(11), pages 791-798.
    9. Benz, Eva & Trück, Stefan, 2009. "Modeling the price dynamics of CO2 emission allowances," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 4-15, January.
    10. Balcılar, Mehmet & Demirer, Rıza & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2016. "Risk spillovers across the energy and carbon markets and hedging strategies for carbon risk," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 159-172.
    11. Bin Meng & Shuiyang Chen & Hercules Haralambides & Haibo Kuang & Lidong Fan, 2023. "Information spillovers between carbon emissions trading prices and shipping markets: A time-frequency analysis," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) hal-04046290, HAL.
    12. Kopsch, Fredrik, 2012. "Aviation and the EU Emissions Trading Scheme—Lessons learned from previous emissions trading schemes," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 770-773.
    13. Asim Ghosh & Ronnie Clayton, 1996. "Hedging With International Stock Index Futures: An Intertemporal Error Correction Model," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 19(4), pages 477-491, December.
    14. Diebold, Francis X & Mariano, Roberto S, 2002. "Comparing Predictive Accuracy," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(1), pages 134-144, January.
    15. Meng, Bin & Chen, Shuiyang & Haralambides, Hercules & Kuang, Haibo & Fan, Lidong, 2023. "Information spillovers between carbon emissions trading prices and shipping markets: A time-frequency analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    16. repec:dau:papers:123456789/4210 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Čech, František & Zítek, Michal, 2022. "Marine fuel hedging under the sulfur cap regulations," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    18. Sotiria Lagouvardou & Harilaos N. Psaraftis & Thalis Zis, 2020. "A Literature Survey on Market-Based Measures for the Decarbonization of Shipping," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-23, May.
    19. Kroner, Kenneth F. & Sultan, Jahangir, 1993. "Time-Varying Distributions and Dynamic Hedging with Foreign Currency Futures," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 28(4), pages 535-551, December.
    20. Zhao, Yihang & Zhou, Zhenxi & Zhang, Kaiwen & Huo, Yaotong & Sun, Dong & Zhao, Huiru & Sun, Jingqi & Guo, Sen, 2023. "Research on spillover effect between carbon market and electricity market: Evidence from Northern Europe," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PF).
    21. Julien Chevallier, 2011. "Anticipating correlations between EUAs and CERs: a Dynamic Conditional Correlation GARCH model," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 31(1), pages 255-272.
    22. Xiaojian Su & Chao Deng, 2019. "The heterogeneous effects of exchange rate and stock market on CO2 emission allowance price in China: A panel quantile regression approach," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(8), pages 1-11, August.
    23. Anastasia Christodoulou & Dimitrios Dalaklis & Aykut I. Ölçer & Peyman Ghaforian Masodzadeh, 2021. "Inclusion of Shipping in the EU-ETS: Assessing the Direct Costs for the Maritime Sector Using the MRV Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-20, June.
    24. Philip, Dennis & Shi, Yukun, 2016. "Optimal hedging in carbon emission markets using Markov regime switching models," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 1-15.
    25. Ederington, Louis H, 1979. "The Hedging Performance of the New Futures Markets," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 34(1), pages 157-170, March.
    26. Beat Hintermann & Sonja Peterson & Wilfried Rickels, 2016. "Price and Market Behavior in Phase II of the EU ETS: A Review of the Literature," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 10(1), pages 108-128.
    27. Muhammad Zeeshan & Jiabin Han & Alam Rehman & Hazrat Bilal & Naveed Farooq & Muhammad Waseem & Arif Hussain & Muhammad Khan & Ilyas Ahmad, 2021. "Nexus between Foreign Direct Investment, Energy Consumption, Natural Resource, and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(1), pages 407-416.
    28. Andrew J. Patton, 2006. "Modelling Asymmetric Exchange Rate Dependence," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 47(2), pages 527-556, May.
    29. Chevallier, Julien, 2009. "Carbon futures and macroeconomic risk factors: A view from the EU ETS," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(4), pages 614-625, July.
    30. Zhu, Bangzhu & Huang, Liqing & Yuan, Lili & Ye, Shunxin & Wang, Ping, 2020. "Exploring the risk spillover effects between carbon market and electricity market: A bidimensional empirical mode decomposition based conditional value at risk approach," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 163-175.
    31. repec:dau:papers:123456789/5441 is not listed on IDEAS
    32. Tan, Xueping & Sirichand, Kavita & Vivian, Andrew & Wang, Xinyu, 2020. "How connected is the carbon market to energy and financial markets? A systematic analysis of spillovers and dynamics," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    33. Blyth, William & Bunn, Derek & Kettunen, Janne & Wilson, Tom, 2009. "Policy interactions, risk and price formation in carbon markets," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(12), pages 5192-5207, December.
    34. Batten, Jonathan A. & Kinateder, Harald & Szilagyi, Peter G. & Wagner, Niklas F., 2021. "Hedging stocks with oil," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    35. Ghosh, Asim & Clayton, Ronnie, 1996. "Hedging with International Stock Index Futures: An Intertemporal Error Correction Model," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 19(4), pages 477-491, Winter.
    36. Bin Meng & Shuiyang Chen & Hercules Haralambides & Haibo Kuang & Lidong Fan, 2023. "Information spillovers between carbon emissions trading prices and shipping markets: A time-frequency analysis," Post-Print hal-04046290, HAL.
    37. Edward Frees & Emiliano Valdez, 1998. "Understanding Relationships Using Copulas," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(1), pages 1-25.
    38. Cummins, Mark, 2013. "EU ETS market interactions: The case for multiple hypothesis testing approaches," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 701-709.
    39. Koesler, Simon & Achtnicht, Martin & Köhler, Jonathan, 2015. "Course set for a cap? A case study among ship operators on a maritime ETS," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 20-30.
    40. Carlos Pinho & Mara Madaleno, 2010. "Hedging with CO2 allowances: the ECX market," Working Papers de Economia (Economics Working Papers) 55, Departamento de Economia, Gestão e Engenharia Industrial, Universidade de Aveiro.
    41. Bredin, Don & Muckley, Cal, 2011. "An emerging equilibrium in the EU emissions trading scheme," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 353-362, March.
    42. Yudong Wang & Chongfeng Wu & Li Yang, 2015. "Hedging with Futures: Does Anything Beat the Naïve Hedging Strategy?," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 61(12), pages 2870-2889, December.
    43. Donald Lien, 2005. "A note on the superiority of the OLS hedge ratio," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(11), pages 1121-1126, November.
    44. Alizadeh, Amir H. & Huang, Chih-Yueh & van Dellen, Stefan, 2015. "A regime switching approach for hedging tanker shipping freight rates," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 44-59.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Demiralay, Sercan & Gencer, Hatice Gaye & Bayraci, Selcuk, 2022. "Carbon credit futures as an emerging asset: Hedging, diversification and downside risks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    2. John Hua Fan & Eduardo Roca & Alexandr Akimov, 2014. "Estimation and performance evaluation of optimal hedge ratios in the carbon market of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 39(1), pages 73-91, February.
    3. Wen, Xiaoqian & Bouri, Elie & Roubaud, David, 2017. "Can energy commodity futures add to the value of carbon assets?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 194-206.
    4. Olson, Eric & Vivian, Andrew & Wohar, Mark E., 2019. "What is a better cross-hedge for energy: Equities or other commodities?," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).
    5. Anastasia Christodoulou & Kevin Cullinane, 2024. "The prospects for, and implications of, emissions trading in shipping," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 26(1), pages 168-184, March.
    6. Jin, Jiayu & Han, Liyan & Wu, Lei & Zeng, Hongchao, 2020. "The hedging effect of green bonds on carbon market risk," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    7. Chen, Xiangyu & Tongurai, Jittima, 2021. "Cross-commodity hedging for illiquid futures: Evidence from China's base metal futures market," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    8. Sharma, Udayan & Karmakar, Madhusudan, 2023. "Measuring minimum variance hedging effectiveness: Traditional vs. sophisticated models," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    9. Wang, Yong & Liu, Shimiao & Abedin, Mohammad Zoynul & Lucey, Brian, 2024. "Volatility spillover and hedging strategies among Chinese carbon, energy, and electricity markets," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    10. Uddin, Gazi Salah & Hernandez, Jose Areola & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Hedström, Axel, 2018. "Multivariate dependence and spillover effects across energy commodities and diversification potentials of carbon assets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 35-46.
    11. Qu, Hui & Wang, Tianyang & Zhang, Yi & Sun, Pengfei, 2019. "Dynamic hedging using the realized minimum-variance hedge ratio approach – Examination of the CSI 300 index futures," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    12. Čech, František & Zítek, Michal, 2022. "Marine fuel hedging under the sulfur cap regulations," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    13. Fang, Sheng & Lu, Xinsheng & Li, Jianfeng & Qu, Ling, 2018. "Multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis of carbon emission allowance and stock returns," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 509(C), pages 551-566.
    14. Dean Leistikow & Ren-Raw Chen & Yuewu Xu, 2022. "Spot asset carry cost rates and futures hedge ratios," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 58(4), pages 1741-1779, May.
    15. Yang, Ming-Yuan & Chen, Zhanghangjian & Liang, Zongzheng & Li, Sai-Ping, 2023. "Dynamic and asymmetric connectedness in the global “Carbon-Energy-Stock” system under shocks from exogenous events," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 32(C).
    16. Stavros Degiannakis & Christos Floros, 2010. "Hedge Ratios in South African Stock Index Futures," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, vol. 9(3), pages 285-304, December.
    17. Man, Yuanyuan & Zhang, Sunpei & He, Yongda, 2024. "Dynamic risk spillover and hedging efficacy of China’s carbon-energy-finance markets: Economic policy uncertainty and investor sentiment non-linear causal effects," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 93(PA), pages 1397-1416.
    18. Duan, Kun & Ren, Xiaohang & Shi, Yukun & Mishra, Tapas & Yan, Cheng, 2021. "The marginal impacts of energy prices on carbon price variations: Evidence from a quantile-on-quantile approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    19. Vlad-Cosmin Bulai & Alexandra Horobet & Oana Cristina Popovici & Lucian Belascu & Sofia Adriana Dumitrescu, 2021. "A VaR-Based Methodology for Assessing Carbon Price Risk across European Union Economic Sectors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-21, December.
    20. Chai, Shanglei & Zhou, P., 2018. "The Minimum-CVaR strategy with semi-parametric estimation in carbon market hedging problems," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 64-75.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:17:p:6396-:d:1232518. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.