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Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique

Author

Listed:
  • Md. Sanwar Hossain

    (Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh)

  • Khondoker Ziaul Islam

    (Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh)

  • Abu Jahid

    (Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada)

  • Khondokar Mizanur Rahman

    (School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Millennium Point, Curzon Street, Birmingham B4 7XG, UK)

  • Sarwar Ahmed

    (Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh)

  • Mohammed H. Alsharif

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea)

Abstract

With the proliferation of cellular networks, the ubiquitous availability of new-generation multimedia devices, and their wide-ranging data applications, telecom network operators are increasingly deploying the number of cellular base stations (BSs) to deal with unprecedented service demand. The rapid and radical deployment of the cellular network significantly exerts energy consumption and carbon footprints to the atmosphere. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a sustainable and environmentally-friendly cellular infrastructure through compelling utilization of the locally available renewable energy sources (RES) namely solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and biomass generator (BG). This article addresses the key challenges of envisioning the hybrid solar PV/WT/BG powered macro BSs in Bangladesh considering the dynamic profile of the RES and traffic intensity in the tempo-spatial domain. The optimal system architecture and technical criteria of the proposed system are critically evaluated with the help of HOMER optimization software for both on-grid and off-grid conditions to downsize the electricity generation cost and waste outflows while ensuring the desired quality of experience (QoE) over 20 years duration. Besides, the green energy-sharing mechanism under the off-grid condition and the grid-tied condition has been critically analyzed for optimal use of green energy. Moreover, the heuristic algorithm of the load balancing technique among collocated BSs has been incorporated for elevating the throughput and energy efficiency (EE) as well. The spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency, and outage probability performance of the contemplated wireless network are substantially examined using Matlab based Monte–Carlo simulation under a wide range of network configurations. Simulation results reveal that the proper load balancing technique pledges zero outage probability with expected system performance whereas energy cooperation policy offers an attractive solution for developing green mobile communications employing better utilization of renewable energy under the proposed hybrid solar PV/WT/BG scheme.

Suggested Citation

  • Md. Sanwar Hossain & Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Abu Jahid & Khondokar Mizanur Rahman & Sarwar Ahmed & Mohammed H. Alsharif, 2020. "Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-33, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:22:p:9340-:d:442832
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Md. Sanwar Hossain & Abu Jahid & Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Mohammed H. Alsharif & Md. Fayzur Rahman, 2020. "Multi-Objective Optimum Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Sustainable Energy Supply to a Green Cellular Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-35, April.
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    7. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2018. "Energy Optimization Strategies for Eco-Friendly Cellular Base Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-22, June.
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    10. Islam, Md Shahinur & Akhter, Ruma & Rahman, Mohammad Ashifur, 2018. "A thorough investigation on hybrid application of biomass gasifier and PV resources to meet energy needs for a northern rural off-grid region of Bangladesh: A potential solution to replicate in rural ," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 338-355.
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    Cited by:

    1. Md. Sanwar Hossain & Abdullah G. Alharbi & Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Md. Rabiul Islam, 2021. "Techno-Economic Analysis of the Hybrid Solar PV/H/Fuel Cell Based Supply Scheme for Green Mobile Communication," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-29, November.
    2. Li, Baolin & Wang, Jia & Nassani, Abdelmohsen A. & Binsaeed, Rima H. & Li, Zeyun, 2023. "The future of Green energy: A panel study on the role of renewable resources in the transition to a Green economy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PB).
    3. Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Md. Sanwar Hossain & B. M. Ruhul Amin & G. M. Shafiullah & Ferdous Sohel, 2022. "Renewable Energy-Based Energy-Efficient Off-Grid Base Stations for Heterogeneous Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-33, December.
    4. Md. Sanwar Hossain & Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Abdullah G. Alharbi & Md Shafiullah & Md. Rabiul Islam & Afef Fekih, 2022. "Optimal Design of a Hybrid Solar PV/BG-Powered Heterogeneous Network," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-29, February.
    5. Nuria Novas & Rosa María Garcia & Jose Manuel Camacho & Alfredo Alcayde, 2021. "Advances in Solar Energy towards Efficient and Sustainable Energy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-31, June.
    6. Mohammed W. Baidas & Mastoura F. Almusailem & Rashad M. Kamel & Sultan Sh. Alanzi, 2022. "Renewable-Energy-Powered Cellular Base-Stations in Kuwait’s Rural Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-29, March.

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