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Review on the Experimental Characterization of Fracture in Active Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Author

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  • Francesca Pistorio

    (Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Davide Clerici

    (Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Francesco Mocera

    (Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy)

  • Aurelio Somà

    (Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy)

Abstract

Nowadays, lithium-ion batteries are one of the most widespread energy storage systems, being extensively employed in a large variety of applications. A significant effort has been made to develop advanced materials and manufacturing processes with the aim of increasing batteries performance and preserving nominal properties with cycling. Nevertheless, mechanical degradation is still a significant damaging mechanism and the main cause of capacity fade and power loss. Lithium ions are inserted and extracted into the lattice structure of active materials during battery operation, causing the deformation of the crystalline lattice itself. Strain mismatches within the different areas of the active material caused by the inhomogeneous lithium-ions concentration induce mechanical stresses, leading ultimately to fracture, fatigue issues, and performance decay. Therefore, a deep understanding of the fracture mechanics in active materials is needed to meet the rapidly growing demand for next-generation batteries with long-term stability, high safety, excellent performance, and long life cycle. This review aims to analyze the fracture mechanics in the active material microstructure of electrodes due to battery operations from an experimental point of view. The main fracture mechanisms occurring in the common cathode and anode active materials are described, as well as the factors triggering and enhancing fracture. At first, the results obtained by performing microscopy and diffraction analysis in different materials are discussed to provides visual evidence of cracks and their relation with lattice structure. Then, fatigue phenomena due to crack growth as a function of the number of cycles are evaluated to assess the evolution of damage during the life cycle, and the effects of fracture on the battery performance are described. Finally, the literature gaps in the characterization of the fracture behavior of electrode active materials are highlighted to enhance the development of next-generation lithium-ion batteries.

Suggested Citation

  • Francesca Pistorio & Davide Clerici & Francesco Mocera & Aurelio Somà, 2022. "Review on the Experimental Characterization of Fracture in Active Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-47, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:23:p:9168-:d:992213
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Davide Clerici & Francesco Mocera & Aurelio Somà, 2020. "Analytical Solution for Coupled Diffusion Induced Stress Model for Lithium-Ion Battery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-20, April.
    2. Davide Clerici & Francesco Mocera & Aurelio Somà, 2020. "Shape Influence of Active Material Micro-Structure on Diffusion and Contact Stress in Lithium-Ion Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-18, December.
    3. Ximing Cheng & Michael Pecht, 2017. "In Situ Stress Measurement Techniques on Li-ion Battery Electrodes: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-19, April.
    4. Linjing Zhang & Jiuchun Jiang & Weige Zhang, 2017. "Capacity Decay Mechanism of the LCO + NMC532/Graphite Cells Combined with Post-Mortem Technique," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-16, August.
    5. Davide Clerici & Francesco Mocera & Aurelio Somà, 2021. "Experimental Characterization of Lithium-Ion Cell Strain Using Laser Sensors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-17, October.
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