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Effect of Temperature and Nanoparticle Concentration on Free Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids

Author

Listed:
  • Janusz T. Cieśliński

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Institute of Energy, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland)

  • Slawomir Smolen

    (Faculty of Nature and Engineering, J.R. Mayer–Institute for Energy Engineering, City University of Applied Sciences Bremen, Neustadtswall 30, 28199 Bremen, Germany)

  • Dorota Sawicka

    (Faculty of Nature and Engineering, J.R. Mayer–Institute for Energy Engineering, City University of Applied Sciences Bremen, Neustadtswall 30, 28199 Bremen, Germany)

Abstract

A theoretical analysis of the influence of temperature and nanoparticle concentration on free convection heat transfer from a horizontal tube immersed in an unbounded nanofluid was presented. The Nusselt (Nu) number and heat transfer coefficient were parameters of the intensity of the convective heat transfer. For free convection, the Nu number was a function of the Rayleigh (Ra) number and Prandtl (Pr) number. The Rayleigh (Ra) number and Prandtl (Pr) number were functions of the thermophysical properties of nanofluids. The thermophysical properties of nanofluids varied with temperature and nanoparticle concentration. Therefore, an analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects on the performance of nanofluids due to variations of thermal conductivity, viscosity, thermal expansion, density, and specific heat, which are functions of nanoparticle concentration and temperature. Water- and ethylene glycol (EG)-based nanofluids with dispersed alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles at mass concentrations of 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1% were considered. Calculated Nu numbers and heat transfer coefficients were compared with experimental values taken from the published literature.

Suggested Citation

  • Janusz T. Cieśliński & Slawomir Smolen & Dorota Sawicka, 2021. "Effect of Temperature and Nanoparticle Concentration on Free Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-19, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:12:p:3566-:d:575509
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    References listed on IDEAS

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