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Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Green Hybrid Nanocomposites for Application as Proton Exchange Membranes in Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells

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  • Marwa H. Gouda

    (Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg Al-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt)

  • Noha A. Elessawy

    (Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg Al-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt)

  • Diogo M.F. Santos

    (Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal)

Abstract

Organic–inorganic nanocomposite membranes for potential application in direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs) are formulated from sulfonated poly(vinyl alcohol) (SPVA) with the incorporation of (PO 4 -TiO 2 ) and (SO 4 -TiO 2 ) nanotubes as doping agents. The functionalization of PVA to SPVA was done by using a 4-sulfophthalic acid as an ionic crosslinker and sulfonating agent. Morphological and structural characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the successful synthesis of the doping agents and their incorporation into the polymer. The influence of PO 4 -TiO 2 and SO 4 -TiO 2 doping and their content on the physicochemical properties of the nanocomposite membranes was evaluated. Swelling degree and water uptake gradually reduced to 7% and 13%, respectively, with increasing doping agent concentration. Ion exchange capacity and ionic conductivity of the membrane with 3 wt.% doping agents were raised 5 and 7 times, respectively, compared to the undoped one. The thermal and oxidative stability and tensile strength also increased with the doping content. Furthermore, lower borohydride permeability (0.32 × 10 −6 cm 2 s −1 ) was measured for the membranes with higher amount of inorganic doping agents when compared to the undoped membrane (0.71 × 10 −5 cm 2 s −1 ) and Nafion ® 117 (0.40 × 10 −6 cm 2 s −1 ). These results pave the way for a green, simple and low-cost approach for the development of composite membranes for practical DBFCs.

Suggested Citation

  • Marwa H. Gouda & Noha A. Elessawy & Diogo M.F. Santos, 2020. "Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Green Hybrid Nanocomposites for Application as Proton Exchange Membranes in Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-15, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:5:p:1180-:d:328479
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ma, Jia & Choudhury, Nurul A. & Sahai, Yogeshwar, 2010. "A comprehensive review of direct borohydride fuel cells," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 183-199, January.
    2. An, L. & Jung, C.Y., 2017. "Transport phenomena in direct borohydride fuel cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 1270-1282.
    3. Santos, D.M.F. & Sequeira, C.A.C., 2011. "Sodium borohydride as a fuel for the future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(8), pages 3980-4001.
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    Cited by:

    1. Marwa H. Gouda & Tamer M. Tamer & Mohamed S. Mohy Eldin, 2021. "A Highly Selective Novel Green Cation Exchange Membrane Doped with Ceramic Nanotubes Material for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-11, September.
    2. Marwa H. Gouda & Tamer M. Tamer & Abdelaziz H. Konsowa & Hassan A. Farag & Mohamed S. Mohy Eldin, 2021. "Organic-Inorganic Novel Green Cation Exchange Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-11, August.

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