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Forced Convection of Al 2 O 3 –Cu, TiO 2 –SiO 2 , FWCNT–Fe 3 O 4 , and ND–Fe 3 O 4 Hybrid Nanofluid in Porous Media

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  • M. Z. Saghir

    (Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada)

  • M. M. Rahman

    (Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman)

Abstract

Adding nanoparticles to fluid has led to a new class of fluids named as nanofluids. Different concentrations and its effective cooling have attracted many engineering applications to test this new fluid. Lately, important heat enhancement has been observed by dispersing two distinct nanoparticles in the regular fluid. This type of hybrid nanofluid has led researchers to study its effectiveness in the cooling process. Here, we experimentally studied the forced convection of Al 2 O 3 –Cu hybrid nanofluid in porous media at a constant flow rate and heating condition. The numerical code after being calibrated with the experimental results is used to predict the effectiveness in cooling by using a set of hybrid fluid of TiO 2 –SiO 2 , MWCNT–Fe 3 O 4 , and ND–Fe 3 O 4 at different concentrations. In the experiment, we used water and a water–ethylene glycol mixture as base fluids. The results revealed that the hybrid fluid contributed to heat enhancement levied increased pumping power. However, the index of efficiency, obtained by combining the Nusselt number and pressure drop, indicated that the best hybrid fluid for such an application is ND–Fe 3 O 4 in the water–ethylene glycol mixture.

Suggested Citation

  • M. Z. Saghir & M. M. Rahman, 2020. "Forced Convection of Al 2 O 3 –Cu, TiO 2 –SiO 2 , FWCNT–Fe 3 O 4 , and ND–Fe 3 O 4 Hybrid Nanofluid in Porous Media," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:11:p:2902-:d:368009
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sundar, L. Syam & Sharma, K.V. & Singh, Manoj K. & Sousa, A.C.M., 2017. "Hybrid nanofluids preparation, thermal properties, heat transfer and friction factor – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P1), pages 185-198.
    2. Behrouz Takabi & Hossein Shokouhmand, 2015. "Effects ofAl2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid on heat transfer and flow characteristics in turbulent regime," International Journal of Modern Physics C (IJMPC), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 26(04), pages 1-25.
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