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Professional football clubs and empirical evidence from the COVID-19 crisis: Time for sport entrepreneurship?

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  • Hammerschmidt, Jonas
  • Durst, Susanne
  • Kraus, Sascha
  • Puumalainen, Kaisu

Abstract

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread worldwide in a short period and has developed into one of the biggest public health issues of the last decade. The actions initiated by governments to minimize person-to-person contact have also severely affected professional football clubs (PFCs) in the season 2019/20. Given the role of football in Europe, football clubs gained massive public and political attention during the COVID-19 crisis. Based on an exploratory multiple case study approach involving PFCs from five European football leagues, this study investigates the responses of these clubs to the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings show the relevance of solidarity with certain stakeholders during the pandemic, but also reveal the fragility of PFCs due to their financial structure and underdeveloped managerial and entrepreneurial strategies to cope with the crisis. This study contributes theoretically and empirically to the literature on the entrepreneurial behavior and crisis management of elite sport organizations and illustrates a holistic map of a dense, high solidary stakeholder network.

Suggested Citation

  • Hammerschmidt, Jonas & Durst, Susanne & Kraus, Sascha & Puumalainen, Kaisu, 2021. "Professional football clubs and empirical evidence from the COVID-19 crisis: Time for sport entrepreneurship?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:tefoso:v:165:y:2021:i:c:s0040162521000044
    DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120572
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    9. Zhuoyue Zhu & Hongming Xie, 2022. "What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know about COVID-19’s Implications on Business Economics? From Bibliometric Analysis to a Conceptual Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-16, May.
    10. Marco Di Domizio & Raul Caruso, 2021. "Analisi Economica E Prospettive Del Progetto "Super League"," Rivista di Diritto ed Economia dello Sport, Centro di diritto e business dello Sport, vol. 17(1), pages 85-107, luglio.
    11. Paloma Escamilla-Fajardo & David Parra-Camacho & Juan Manuel Núñez-Pomar, 2021. "Entrepreneurship and Resilience in Spanish Sports Clubs: A Cluster Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-19, May.
    12. Tsung-Yu Chou & Peng-Yeh Lee, 2023. "Predicting Athlete Intentions for Using Sports Complexes in the Post-Pandemic Era," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-17, March.
    13. González-Serrano, María Huertas & Alonso Dos Santos, Manuel & Sendra-Garcia, Javier & Calabuig, Ferran, 2023. "Sports entrepreneurship during COVID-19: Technology as an ally to maintain the competitiveness of small businesses," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
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    16. Severin J. S. Oeckl & Stephen Morrow, 2022. "CSR in Professional Football in Times of Crisis: New Ways in a Challenging New Normal," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-26, September.

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