IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/techno/v124y2023ics0166497223000512.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A meta-analysis of the relationship between collaborative innovation and innovation performance: The role of formal and informal institutions

Author

Listed:
  • Xie, Xuemei
  • Liu, Xiaojie
  • Chen, Jialing

Abstract

To cope with highly competitive business environments, an increasing number of firms are actively exploring collaborative innovation strategies. Yet, among the studies on this subject, there has been no consensus regarding the impact of collaborative innovation on innovation performance. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis of 50 independent empirical samples, comprising 29,456 observations, to test the collaborative innovation–innovation performance relationship. We carried out both subgroup analyses and meta-regressions to explore how formal and informal institutions might moderate the collaborative-innovation–innovation-performance link. This work demonstrated that collaborative innovation strongly and positively correlates with firms’ innovation performance. Then, to further deepen our understanding of this subject, we examined two different collaboration types and found that supply chain (SC) collaborative innovation has a more significant impact on firms’ innovation performance than the effect produced through industry–university–research (IUR) collaborations. Furthermore, this study revealed that formal and informal institutions strengthen the positive relationship between collaborative innovation and innovation performance. This paper offers new insights for collaborative innovation research and provides important managerial implications for firms’ innovation strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Xie, Xuemei & Liu, Xiaojie & Chen, Jialing, 2023. "A meta-analysis of the relationship between collaborative innovation and innovation performance: The role of formal and informal institutions," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:techno:v:124:y:2023:i:c:s0166497223000512
    DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102740
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497223000512
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102740?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. De Silva, Muthu & Howells, Jeremy & Meyer, Martin, 2018. "Innovation intermediaries and collaboration: Knowledge–based practices and internal value creation," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 70-87.
    2. Xu, Gang & Yano, Go, 2017. "How does anti-corruption affect corporate innovation? Evidence from recent anti-corruption efforts in China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(3), pages 498-519.
    3. Nelson, Richard R, 2001. "Observations on the Post-Bayh-Dole Rise of Patenting at American Universities," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 26(1-2), pages 13-19, January.
    4. Zhang, Min & Qi, Yinan & Wang, Zhiqiang & Zhao, Xiande & Pawar, Kulwant S., 2019. "Effects of business and political ties on product innovation performance: Evidence from China and India," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 80, pages 30-39.
    5. Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés & Zhang, Min, 2020. "The cost of weak institutions for innovation in China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    6. Xingshan Zheng & Lan Li & Fangyu Zhang & Mengyuan Zhu, 2019. "The Roles of Power Distance Orientation and Perceived Insider Status in the Subordinates’ Moqi with Supervisors and Sustainable Knowledge-Sharing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-17, March.
    7. Anokhin, Sergey & Schulze, William S., 2009. "Entrepreneurship, innovation, and corruption," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 24(5), pages 465-476, September.
    8. Szücs, Florian, 2018. "Research subsidies, industry–university cooperation and innovation," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(7), pages 1256-1266.
    9. Jean, Ruey-Jer Bryan & Kim, Daekwan & Chiou, Jyh-She & Calantone, Roger, 2018. "Strategic orientations, joint learning, and innovation generation in international customer-supplier relationships," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 27(4), pages 838-851.
    10. James G. Combs & David J. Ketchen, Jr & T. Russell Crook & Philip L. Roth, 2011. "Assessing Cumulative Evidence within ‘Macro’ Research: Why Meta‐Analysis Should be Preferred Over Vote Counting," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(1), pages 178-197, January.
    11. Geert Hofstede, 1985. "The Interaction Between National And Organizational Value Systems[1]," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(4), pages 347-357, July.
    12. Ryan Krause & Richard Priem & Leonard Love, 2015. "Who's in charge here? Co-CEOs, power gaps, and firm performance," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(13), pages 2099-2110, December.
    13. Fatma Pakdil & Karen Moustafa Leonard, 2017. "Implementing and sustaining lean processes: the dilemma of societal culture effects," International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(3), pages 700-717, February.
    14. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Wang, Chih-Wei & Ho, Shan-Ju, 2020. "Country governance, corruption, and the likelihood of firms’ innovation," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 326-338.
    15. Zhou, Yuan & Dong, Fang & Kong, Dejing & Liu, Yufei, 2019. "Unfolding the convergence process of scientific knowledge for the early identification of emerging technologies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 205-220.
    16. Xuemei Xie & Guoyou Qi & Kevin Xiaoguo Zhu, 2019. "Corruption and New Product Innovation: Examining Firms’ Ethical Dilemmas in Transition Economies," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 160(1), pages 107-125, November.
    17. Liao, Shu-Hsien & Hu, Da-Chian & Ding, Li-Wen, 2017. "Assessing the influence of supply chain collaboration value innovation, supply chain capability and competitive advantage in Taiwan's networking communication industry," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 143-153.
    18. Athanasouli, Daphne & Goujard, Antoine, 2015. "Corruption and management practices: Firm level evidence," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(4), pages 1014-1034.
    19. Xie, Xuemei & Fang, Liangxiu & Zeng, Saixing, 2016. "Collaborative innovation network and knowledge transfer performance: A fsQCA approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 5210-5215.
    20. Contractor, Farok J. & Woodley, James A., 2015. "How the alliance pie is split: Value appropriation by each partner in cross-border technology transfer alliances," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 50(3), pages 535-547.
    21. Zhu, Xiaoxuan & Xiao, Zhenxin & Dong, Maggie Chuoyan & Gu, Jibao, 2019. "The fit between firms’ open innovation and business model for new product development speed: A contingent perspective," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 86, pages 75-85.
    22. Yue Li & Hang Guo & Sarah Yvonne Cooper & Hongqi Wang, 2019. "The Influencing Factors of the Technology Standard Alliance Collaborative Innovation of Emerging Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-17, December.
    23. Jugend, Daniel & Jabbour, Charbel Jose Chiappeta & Alves Scaliza, Janaina A. & Rocha, Robson Sø & Junior, José Alcides Gobbo & Latan, Hengky & Salgado, Manoel Henrique, 2018. "Relationships among open innovation, innovative performance, government support and firm size: Comparing Brazilian firms embracing different levels of radicalism in innovation," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 74, pages 54-65.
    24. Sarooghi, Hessamoddin & Libaers, Dirk & Burkemper, Andrew, 2015. "Examining the relationship between creativity and innovation: A meta-analysis of organizational, cultural, and environmental factors," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 714-731.
    25. Richard Whitley, 2002. "Developing innovative competences: the role of institutional frameworks," Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford University Press and the Associazione ICC, vol. 11(3), pages 497-528, June.
    26. Brockman, Paul & Khurana, Inder K. & Zhong, Rong (Irene), 2018. "Societal trust and open innovation," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(10), pages 2048-2065.
    27. Xi Yu & Krishna P. Paudel & Dongmei Li & Xiaolei Xiong & Yanyu Gong, 2020. "Sustainable Collaborative Innovation between Research Institutions and Seed Enterprises in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-19, January.
    28. Shen, Bin & Xu, Xiaoyan & Chan, Hau Ling & Choi, Tsan-Ming, 2021. "Collaborative innovation in supply chain systems: Value creation and leadership structure," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    29. Tang, Ryan W. & Buckley, Peter J., 2020. "Host country risk and foreign ownership strategy: Meta-analysis and theory on the moderating role of home country institutions," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(4).
    30. Karlsson, I.C.M. & Mukhtar-Landgren, D. & Smith, G. & Koglin, T. & Kronsell, A. & Lund, E. & Sarasini, S. & Sochor, J., 2020. "Development and implementation of Mobility-as-a-Service – A qualitative study of barriers and enabling factors," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 283-295.
    31. Ramadani, Veland & Hisrich, Robert D. & Abazi-Alili, Hyrije & Dana, Léo-Paul & Panthi, Laxman & Abazi-Bexheti, Lejla, 2019. "Product innovation and firm performance in transition economies: A multi-stage estimation approach," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 271-280.
    32. Scaliza, Janaina Aparecida Alves & Jugend, Daniel & Chiappetta Jabbour, Charbel Jose & Latan, Hengky & Armellini, Fabiano & Twigg, David & Andrade, Darly Fernando, 2022. "Relationships among organizational culture, open innovation, innovative ecosystems, and performance of firms: Evidence from an emerging economy context," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 264-279.
    33. Ronald U. Mendoza & Ricardo A. Lim & Anne Ong Lopez, 2015. "Grease or Sand in the Wheels of Commerce? Firm Level Evidence on Corruption and SMES," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(4), pages 415-439, 05-27.
    34. Wenke, Kathrin & Zapkau, Florian B. & Schwens, Christian, 2021. "Too small to do it all? A meta-analysis on the relative relationships of exploration, exploitation, and ambidexterity with SME performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 653-665.
    35. Wang, Changfeng & Hu, Qiying, 2020. "Knowledge sharing in supply chain networks: Effects of collaborative innovation activities and capability on innovation performance," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 94.
    36. Huiying Zhang & Xiguang Chen, 2022. "Open Innovation and Sustainable Innovation Performance: The Moderating Role of IP Strategic Planning and IP Operation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-15, July.
    37. Kobarg, Sebastian & Stumpf-Wollersheim, Jutta & Welpe, Isabell M., 2019. "More is not always better: Effects of collaboration breadth and depth on radical and incremental innovation performance at the project level," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 1-10.
    38. Yadong Luo, 2003. "Industrial dynamics and managerial networking in an emerging market: the case of China," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(13), pages 1315-1327, December.
    39. Doblinger, Claudia & Surana, Kavita & Anadon, Laura Diaz, 2019. "Governments as partners: The role of alliances in U.S. cleantech startup innovation," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(6), pages 1458-1475.
    40. Feranita, Feranita & Kotlar, Josip & De Massis, Alfredo, 2017. "Collaborative innovation in family firms: Past research, current debates and agenda for future research," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 8(3), pages 137-156.
    41. Chang Lu & Bo Yu, 2020. "The Effect of Formal and Informal External Collaboration on Innovation Performance of SMEs: Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-21, November.
    42. Qi, Guoyou & Zou, Hailiang & Xie, Xuemei & Meng, Xiaohua & Fan, Tijun & Cao, Yuanhe, 2020. "Obedience or escape: Examining the contingency influences of corruption on firm exports," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 261-272.
    43. Mary Beth Rousseau & Blake D. Mathias & Laura T. Madden & T. Russell Crook, 2016. "Innovation, Firm Performance, And Appropriation: A Meta-Analysis," International Journal of Innovation Management (ijim), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 20(03), pages 1-29, April.
    44. Nina Rosenbusch & Michael Gusenbauer & Isabella Hatak & Matthias Fink & Klaus E. Meyer, 2019. "Innovation Offshoring, Institutional Context and Innovation Performance: A Meta‐Analysis," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 56(1), pages 203-233, January.
    45. Fourné, Sebastian P.L. & Rosenbusch, Nina & Heyden, Mariano L.M. & Jansen, Justin J.P., 2019. "Structural and contextual approaches to ambidexterity: A meta-analysis of organizational and environmental contingencies," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 37(5), pages 564-576.
    46. Ronen Harel & Dafna Schwartz & Dam Kaufmann, 2019. "Open Innovation In Small Businesses In The Industry And Craft Sectors," International Journal of Innovation Management (ijim), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 23(04), pages 1-33, May.
    47. Kaufmann, Daniel & Kraay, Aart & Mastruzzi, Massimo, 2010. "The worldwide governance indicators : methodology and analytical issues," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5430, The World Bank.
    48. Alam, Ashraful & Uddin, Moshfique & Yazdifar, Hassan, 2019. "Institutional determinants of R&D investment: Evidence from emerging markets," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 34-44.
    49. Hubner, Sylvia & Frese, Michael & Song, Zhaoli & Tripathi, Neha & Kaschner, Tamara & Le Kong, Xing, 2022. "An Asia-centric approach to team innovation: Cultural differences in exploration and exploitation behavior," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 408-421.
    50. Galinato, Gregmar I. & Galinato, Suzette P., 2013. "The short-run and long-run effects of corruption control and political stability on forest cover," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 153-161.
    51. Livieratos, Antonios D. & Tsekouras, George & Vanhaverbeke, Wim & Angelakis, Antonios, 2022. "Open Innovation moves in SMEs: How European SMEs place their bets?," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    52. Steinmo, Marianne & Rasmussen, Einar, 2018. "The interplay of cognitive and relational social capital dimensions in university-industry collaboration: Overcoming the experience barrier," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(10), pages 1964-1974.
    53. Daugherty, Patricia J. & Richey, R. Glenn & Roath, Anthony S. & Min, Soonhong & Chen, Haozhe & Arndt, Aaron D. & Genchev, Stefan E., 2006. "Is collaboration paying off for firms?," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 61-70.
    54. Rosenbusch, Nina & Brinckmann, Jan & Bausch, Andreas, 2011. "Is innovation always beneficial? A meta-analysis of the relationship between innovation and performance in SMEs," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 441-457, July.
    55. Duan, Yunlong & Wang, Wannan & Zhou, Wei, 2020. "The multiple mediation effect of absorptive capacity on the organizational slack and innovation performance of high-tech manufacturing firms: Evidence from Chinese firms," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    56. Shockley, Jeff & Turner, Tobin, 2016. "A relational performance model for developing innovation and long-term orientation in retail franchise organizations," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 175-188.
    57. Kyunam Kim, 2017. "Impact of Firms’ Cooperative Innovation Strategy on Technological Convergence Performance: The Case of Korea’s ICT Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-22, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Donis, Silvia & Gómez, Jaime & Salazar, Idana, 2023. "Economic complexity, property rights and the judicial system as drivers of eco-innovations: An analysis of OECD countries," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    2. Uyar, Ali & Gerged, Ali Meftah & Kuzey, Cemil & Karaman, Abdullah S., 2024. "Corporate innovation capacity, national innovation setting, and renewable energy use," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 205(C).
    3. Jiaxin Wang & Qinghong Xie & Xinyu Geng, 2024. "Exploring the Effects of Multi-Governance Mechanisms throughout the Dynamic Evolution of the Cooperative Innovation Network," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-27, February.
    4. Lingling Qin & Weihong Xie & Peiyi Jia, 2024. "Value Chain Digitalization, Global Value Chain Embeddedness, and Distributed Innovation in Value Chains," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-24, March.
    5. Schiefer, Tom & Mahr, Dominik & van Fenema, Paul C. & Mennens, Kars, 2024. "A collaborative approach to manage continuous service innovation," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    6. Carmen Elena Stoenoiu & Lorentz Jäntschi, 2024. "Sustainable Development of the Economy—A Case Study of the Impacts of the Size of Enterprises and Factors Affecting Performance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-38, June.
    7. Hoang Thu Thao & Xuemei Xie, 2024. "Fostering green innovation performance through open innovation strategies: do green subsidies work?," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(7), pages 18641-18671, July.
    8. Shukla, Dhirendra Mani & Mital, Amita & Qureshi, Israr, 2024. "Effects of alliance portfolio breadth and depth on exploratory and exploitative innovation: Evidence from Indian high-tech sectors," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhang, Min & Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés, 2024. "Government reform and innovation performance in China," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 122728, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    2. Samuel Kwesi Dunyo & Samuel Amponsah Odei, 2023. "Firm-Level Innovations in an Emerging Economy: Do Perceived Policy Instability and Legal Institutional Conditions Matter?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-24, January.
    3. Zhou, Kuo & Luo, Haotian & Ye, Diyu & Tao, Yunqing, 2022. "The power of anti-corruption in environmental innovation: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    4. Zahoor, Nadia & Khan, Zaheer & Wu, Jie & Tarba, Shlomo Y. & Donbesuur, Francis & Khan, Huda, 2023. "Vertical alliances and innovation: A systematic review of the literature and a future research agenda," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
    5. Morales-Solis, Juan Carlos & Barker III, Vincent L. & Cordero, Arkangel M., 2023. "CEO's industry experience and emerging market SME performance: The effects of corruption and political uncertainty," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 20(C).
    6. Cristian Barra & Nazzareno Ruggiero, 2023. "Quality of Government and Types of Innovation—Empirical Evidence for Italian Manufacturing Firms," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 14(2), pages 1749-1789, June.
    7. Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés & Zhang, Min, 2020. "The cost of weak institutions for innovation in China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    8. Na Yu & Chunfeng Zhao, 2021. "Chain Innovation Mechanism of the Manufacturing Industry in the Yangtze River Delta of China Based on Evolutionary Game," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-20, August.
    9. Solomon Gyamfi & Yee Yee Sein, 2021. "Determinants of Sustainable Open Innovations—A Firm-Level Capacity Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-17, August.
    10. Singh, Rashmeet & Chandrashekar, Deepak & Subrahmanya Mungila Hillemane, Bala & Sukumar, Arun & Jafari-Sadeghi, Vahid, 2022. "Network cooperation and economic performance of SMEs: Direct and mediating impacts of innovation and internationalisation," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 116-130.
    11. Malik, Ashish & Froese, Fabian Jintae, 2022. "Corruption as a perverse Innovation: The dark side of digitalization and corruption in international business," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 682-693.
    12. Dokas, Ioannis & Panagiotidis, Minas & Papadamou, Stephanos & Spyromitros, Eleftherios, 2023. "Does innovation affect the impact of corruption on economic growth? International evidence," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 1030-1054.
    13. Mohammad, Shoeb & Husted, Bryan W., 2021. "Innovation, new ventures, and corruption: Evidence from India," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 16(C).
    14. Xuemei Xie & Guoyou Qi & Kevin Xiaoguo Zhu, 2019. "Corruption and New Product Innovation: Examining Firms’ Ethical Dilemmas in Transition Economies," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 160(1), pages 107-125, November.
    15. Pan, Mengyang & Chen, Qiong & Xiao, Wenli, 2024. "Antecedents of radical innovation speed from a knowledge network perspective," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    16. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Wang, Chih-Wei & Ho, Shan-Ju, 2020. "Country governance, corruption, and the likelihood of firms’ innovation," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 326-338.
    17. Priya, Pragati & Sharma, Chandan, 2023. "Reinforcing the effects of corruption and financial constraints on firm performance: Normal versus crisis period in developing economies," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    18. Oduro, Stephen & De Nisco, Alessandro & Mainolfi, Giada, 2023. "Do digital technologies pay off? A meta-analytic review of the digital technologies/firm performance nexus," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    19. Duong, Phuong-Anh Nguyen & Voordeckers, Wim & Huybrechts, Jolien & Lambrechts, Frank, 2022. "On external knowledge sources and innovation performance: Family versus non-family firms," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    20. Sánchez-Vidal, F. Javier & Ramón-Llorens, M. Camino & La Rocca, Maurizio, 2024. "Corruption and intrapreneurship," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(1).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:techno:v:124:y:2023:i:c:s0166497223000512. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01664972 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.