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Market switching in shipping -- A real option model applied to the valuation of combination carriers

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  • Sødal, Sigbjørn
  • Koekebakker, Steen
  • Aadland, Roar

Abstract

This paper derives a real options model of flexibility and applies it to shipping, valuing the option to switch between the dry bulk market and wet bulk market for a combination carrier, a ship type that is capable of operating in both markets but that has fallen out of favor due to high price tags. The model is a mean-reverting (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck) version of a standard entry-exit model with stochastic prices. A closed form solution for the value of flexibility is derived, expressed in terms of Kummer functions. The estimated value of flexibility is related to historical price differentials between combination carriers and oil tankers of comparable size. Based on numerical experiments it is concluded that new combination carriers may enter the market in the near future.

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  • Sødal, Sigbjørn & Koekebakker, Steen & Aadland, Roar, 2008. "Market switching in shipping -- A real option model applied to the valuation of combination carriers," Review of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 183-203, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:revfin:v:17:y:2008:i:3:p:183-203
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    Cited by:

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    8. BALLIAUW, Matteo, 2015. "An analysis of entry and exit decisions in shipping markets under uncertainty," Working Papers 2015013, University of Antwerp, Faculty of Business and Economics.
    9. Axarloglou, Kostas & Visvikis, Ilias & Zarkos, Stefanos, 2013. "The time dimension and value of flexibility in resource allocation: The case of the maritime industry," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 35-48.
    10. Lourdes Gómez-Valle & Julia Martínez-Rodríguez, 2021. "Including Jumps in the Stochastic Valuation of Freight Derivatives," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-17, January.
    11. Haehl, Christian & Spinler, Stefan, 2020. "Technology Choice under Emission Regulation Uncertainty in International Container Shipping," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 284(1), pages 383-396.
    12. Roar Adland & David Hansson & Levin von der Wense, 2017. "Valuing cargo flexibility in oil transportation," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(7), pages 803-814, October.
    13. Abadie, Luis M. & Chamorro, José M., 2009. "Income risk of EU coal-fired power plants after Kyoto," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(12), pages 5304-5316, December.
    14. Tsekrekos, Andrianos E. & Yannacopoulos, Athanasios N., 2016. "Optimal switching decisions under stochastic volatility with fast mean reversion," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 251(1), pages 148-157.
    15. Tvedt, Jostein, 2019. "Transport services and the valuation of flexibility over business cycles," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 517-528.
    16. Taschini, Luca, 2021. "Flexibility premium of emissions permits," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    17. Manolis G. Kavussanos & Andrianos E. Tsekrekos, 2011. "The Option to Change the Flag of a Vessel," Chapters, in: Kevin Cullinane (ed.), International Handbook of Maritime Economics, chapter 3, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    18. Gkochari, Christiana C., 2015. "Optimal investment timing in the dry bulk shipping sector," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 102-109.
    19. Jostein Tvedt, 2022. "Optimal Entry and Exit Decisions Under Uncertainty and the Impact of Mean Reversion," SN Operations Research Forum, Springer, vol. 3(4), pages 1-21, December.
    20. Mesias Alfeus & James Collins, 2023. "A novel stochastic modeling framework for coal production and logistics through options pricing analysis," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-19, December.
    21. Fred Espen Benth & Steen Koekebakker, 2016. "Stochastic modeling of Supramax spot and forward freight rates," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 18(4), pages 391-413, December.
    22. Kou, Ying & Luo, Meifeng, 2018. "Market driven ship investment decision using the real option approach," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 714-729.

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