Failure mechanism and thermal runaway behavior of lithium-ion battery induced by arc faults

As the widespread of lithium-ion battery systems such as electric vehicles and energy storage systems, the number of safety incidents due to electrical faults are increasing. Many accident reports have demonstrated that arc faults have become one of the main triggers of LIB system accidents, however, the related studies are inadequate. In this study, an arc imitation system is employed to investigate the influence of different arc energies on battery safety valve, as well as the electrochemical characteristics of faulty batteries. The results show that the minimum arc power to breach the safety valve ranges from 110 to 441 W. The maximum temperature rise rate on the battery surface can exceed 15 °C/s with arc power of around 1000 W. Further, the testing of in-situ and ex-situ indicate the faulty batteries undergo degradation and failure due to that moisture in the air enters the battery interior, resulting in increased internal resistance, loss of active materials and cyclable lithium. Finally, the faulty battery has no valve opening during thermal runaway, and the ignition time is four hundred seconds earlier than that of the normal battery, indicating more severe fire dangers. The results are valuable for safety design of battery systems in relation to arc faults, as well as the characteristic for fault detection and early warning.