Consumers’ adoption characteristics of distributed energy resources and flexible loads behind the meter

This study systematically reviews the intrinsic (user-dependent) and extrinsic (contextual) factors influencing the residential and small SMEs adoption of distributed energy resources (DERs), named electric vehicles, photovoltaics, heat pumps, home batteries, and smart appliances. Addressing the uneven uptake of DERs across households and their underperformance in meeting energy targets, the review emphasizes understanding consumer decision-making processes. Prioritizing high-quality evidence from 47 reviews and 8 studies across academic databases, a combined Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework is employed. Intrinsic psycho-behavioural drivers like norms, hedonic motivation, social influence, and technology awareness emerge as pivotal for DER adoption. While extrinsic factors like financial incentives, ownership models, and comfort consistently motivate uptake, certain DERs face barriers from technology attributes and costs. Analogous adoption strategies are identified for technology pairs exhibiting similar intrinsic factors, like photovoltaics with electric vehicles or home batteries. The findings guide formulating targeted policies and interventions, particularly for DERs sharing intrinsic adoption factors. Acknowledging these interdependent factors' roles, the study underscores developing equitable policies and regulations to promote DER adoption, ensure fair access, and foster societal acceptance for an effective energy transition.