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Review of scaling laws applied to floating offshore wind turbines

Author

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  • Sergiienko, N.Y.
  • da Silva, L.S.P.
  • Bachynski-Polić, E.E.
  • Cazzolato, B.S.
  • Arjomandi, M.
  • Ding, B.

Abstract

The wind energy industry is moving to offshore installations allowing for larger wind turbines to be deployed in deep-water regions with higher and steadier wind speeds. Floating offshore wind turbines consist of two main subsystems: a wind turbine itself and a floating substructure that supports it and provides stability. While the wind turbine technology is mature, the floating support structures for offshore wind turbines are still evolving and have not been deployed at a commercial scale. Due to a significant increase in the size of wind turbines over the last decade, it is important to understand how to design the floating platform to support larger wind turbines, and how the dynamics of the entire system change with increasing scale. Firstly, this article provides an overview of the trends in wind energy systems for offshore applications. Secondly, a review of existing semi-submersible platforms designed to support 5–15 MW wind turbines is provided. In addition, this article provides a comparative analysis of the techniques proposed to upscale floating support structures for larger wind energy systems with a particular focus on the system dynamics. The results demonstrate that the wind turbine mass, rated power and rotor thrust force scale with close to square rotor diameter. Towers designed for floating wind applications are usually significantly stiffer and heavier as compared to their fixed-bottom counterparts to place the tower’s natural frequencies outside the wave excitation region. The analysis of semi-submersible platforms revealed a strong correlation between the wind turbine rotor diameter and the product of the distance to the offset columns and their diameter. Also, it has been found that design practices adapted by the platform developers roughly follow the theoretical square–cube (or ‘mass’) scaling law when designing platforms for larger wind turbines.

Suggested Citation

  • Sergiienko, N.Y. & da Silva, L.S.P. & Bachynski-Polić, E.E. & Cazzolato, B.S. & Arjomandi, M. & Ding, B., 2022. "Review of scaling laws applied to floating offshore wind turbines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:162:y:2022:i:c:s1364032122003811
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112477
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    5. Sedaghat, Ahmad & Hassanzadeh, Arash & Jamali, Jamaloddin & Mostafaeipour, Ali & Chen, Wei-Hsin, 2017. "Determination of rated wind speed for maximum annual energy production of variable speed wind turbines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 781-789.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ghigo, Alberto & Faraggiana, Emilio & Giorgi, Giuseppe & Mattiazzo, Giuliana & Bracco, Giovanni, 2024. "Floating Vertical Axis Wind Turbines for offshore applications among potentialities and challenges: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    2. Cheynet, Etienne & Li, Lin & Jiang, Zhiyu, 2024. "Metocean conditions at two Norwegian sites for development of offshore wind farms," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    3. Zeng, Xinmeng & Shao, Yanlin & Feng, Xingya & Xu, Kun & Jin, Ruijia & Li, Huajun, 2024. "Nonlinear hydrodynamics of floating offshore wind turbines: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    4. Verma, Amrit Shankar & Yan, Jiquan & Hu, Weifei & Jiang, Zhiyu & Shi, Wei & Teuwen, Julie J.E., 2023. "A review of impact loads on composite wind turbine blades: Impact threats and classification," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    5. Deng, Wanru & Liu, Liqin & Dai, Yuanjun & Wu, Haitao & Yuan, Zhiming, 2024. "A prediction method for blade deformations of large-scale FVAWTs using dynamics theory and machine learning techniques," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    6. Terrero-Gonzalez, Alicia & Dai, Saishuai & Neilson, Richard D. & Papadopoulos, Jim & Kapitaniak, Marcin, 2024. "Dynamic response of a shallow-draft floating wind turbine concept: Experiments and modelling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    7. Edwards, Emma C. & Holcombe, Anna & Brown, Scott & Ransley, Edward & Hann, Martyn & Greaves, Deborah, 2024. "Trends in floating offshore wind platforms: A review of early-stage devices," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    8. Gao, Qiang & Hayward, Jennifer A. & Sergiienko, Nataliia & Khan, Salman Saeed & Hemer, Mark & Ertugrul, Nesimi & Ding, Boyin, 2024. "Detailed mapping of technical capacities and economics potential of offshore wind energy: A case study in South-eastern Australia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    9. Wang, Xinbao & Cai, Chang & Chen, Yewen & Chen, Yuejuan & Liu, Junbo & Xiao, Yang & Zhong, Xiaohui & Shi, Kezhong & Li, Qing'an, 2023. "Numerical verification of the dynamic aerodynamic similarity criterion for wind tunnel experiments of floating offshore wind turbines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    10. Gubesch, Eric & Sergiienko, Nataliia Y. & Nader, Jean-Roch & Ding, Boyin & Cazzolato, Benjamin & Penesis, Irene & Li, Ye, 2023. "Experimental investigation of a co-located wind and wave energy system in regular waves," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P2).
    11. Gao, Qiang & Bechlenberg, Alva & Jayawardhana, Bayu & Ertugrul, Nesimi & Vakis, Antonis I. & Ding, Boyin, 2024. "Techno-economic assessment of offshore wind and hybrid wind–wave farms with energy storage systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    12. da Silva, L.S.P. & Sergiienko, N.Y. & Cazzolato, B. & Ding, B., 2022. "Dynamics of hybrid offshore renewable energy platforms: Heaving point absorbers connected to a semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 1424-1439.
    13. Thomas Shanahan & Breiffni Fitzgerald, 2025. "Wind–Wave Misalignment in Irish Waters and Its Impact on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-38, January.

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