IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v154y2022ics1364032121011564.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Mapping of the levelised cost of energy for floating offshore wind in the European Atlantic

Author

Listed:
  • Martinez, A.
  • Iglesias, G.

Abstract

Understanding the spatial variation of the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) of offshore wind is fundamental for identifying potential areas for the development of this technology. With this in view, this paper presents a large-scale mapping of the LCOE of floating offshore wind over the European Atlantic, with a focus on floating semi-submersible platforms. The energy production is estimated accurately at every site using hindcast wind data combined with the power curve of an exemplar wind turbine. Furthermore, this work presents an analysis of the different costs incurred in the lifetime of the project using expressions depending on site-specific variables, i.e., water depth and distance to shore. The results highlight the paramount influence of the energy production and, therefore, the wind resource on the final cost of energy. The lowest LCOE values (∼95 €/MWh) correspond to the areas where the wind resource is most abundant: off Great Britain and Ireland, in the North Sea and off NW Spain. The influence of the resource leads inevitably to LCOE values somewhat higher off Portugal and Norway (∼125 €/MWh), and much higher in the Gulf of Biscay and south of the Iberian Peninsula (>160 €/MWh). Within regions with a similar resource, e.g., the North Sea (LCOE in the range 95–135 €/MWh), the distance to shore is found to be the main variable affecting the LCOE. By comparison, the costs related to water depth (primarily, mooring costs) are of little significance – unlike with bottom-fixed technologies.

Suggested Citation

  • Martinez, A. & Iglesias, G., 2022. "Mapping of the levelised cost of energy for floating offshore wind in the European Atlantic," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:154:y:2022:i:c:s1364032121011564
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111889
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121011564
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111889?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Rodrigues, S. & Restrepo, C. & Kontos, E. & Teixeira Pinto, R. & Bauer, P., 2015. "Trends of offshore wind projects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 1114-1135.
    2. Astariz, S. & Iglesias, G., 2016. "Output power smoothing and reduced downtime period by combined wind and wave energy farms," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 69-81.
    3. Colla, Martin & Ioannou, Anastasia & Falcone, Gioia, 2020. "Critical review of competitiveness indicators for energy projects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    4. Johnston, Barry & Foley, Aoife & Doran, John & Littler, Timothy, 2020. "Levelised cost of energy, A challenge for offshore wind," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 876-885.
    5. Lopez-Pavon, Carlos & Souto-Iglesias, Antonio, 2015. "Hydrodynamic coefficients and pressure loads on heave plates for semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines: A comparative analysis using large scale models," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 864-881.
    6. Shen, Wei & Chen, Xi & Qiu, Jing & Hayward, Jennifier A & Sayeef, Saad & Osman, Peter & Meng, Ke & Dong, Zhao Yang, 2020. "A comprehensive review of variable renewable energy levelized cost of electricity," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    7. Christoforaki, Mary & Tsoutsos, Theocharis, 2017. "Sustainable siting of an offshore wind park a case in Chania, Crete," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 624-633.
    8. Kalogeri, Christina & Galanis, George & Spyrou, Christos & Diamantis, Dimitris & Baladima, Foteini & Koukoula, Marika & Kallos, George, 2017. "Assessing the European offshore wind and wave energy resource for combined exploitation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 244-264.
    9. Astariz, S. & Perez-Collazo, C. & Abanades, J. & Iglesias, G., 2015. "Co-located wave-wind farms: Economic assessment as a function of layout," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 837-849.
    10. Ulazia, Alain & Sáenz, Jon & Ibarra-Berastegi, Gabriel & González-Rojí, Santos J. & Carreno-Madinabeitia, Sheila, 2019. "Global estimations of wind energy potential considering seasonal air density changes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    11. Kumar, Yogesh & Ringenberg, Jordan & Depuru, Soma Shekara & Devabhaktuni, Vijay K. & Lee, Jin Woo & Nikolaidis, Efstratios & Andersen, Brett & Afjeh, Abdollah, 2016. "Wind energy: Trends and enabling technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 209-224.
    12. Madariaga, A. & de Alegría, I. Martínez & Martín, J.L. & Eguía, P. & Ceballos, S., 2012. "Current facts about offshore wind farms," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 3105-3116.
    13. Sharay Astariz & Gregorio Iglesias, 2015. "Enhancing Wave Energy Competitiveness through Co-Located Wind and Wave Energy Farms. A Review on the Shadow Effect," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(7), pages 1-23, July.
    14. Ashuri, T. & Zaaijer, M.B. & Martins, J.R.R.A. & van Bussel, G.J.W. & van Kuik, G.A.M., 2014. "Multidisciplinary design optimization of offshore wind turbines for minimum levelized cost of energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 893-905.
    15. Vieira, M. & Snyder, B. & Henriques, E. & Reis, L., 2019. "European offshore wind capital cost trends up to 2020," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 1364-1371.
    16. Bosch, Jonathan & Staffell, Iain & Hawkes, Adam D., 2019. "Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    17. Vazquez, A. & Iglesias, G., 2015. "LCOE (levelised cost of energy) mapping: A new geospatial tool for tidal stream energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 192-201.
    18. Fyrippis, Ioannis & Axaopoulos, Petros J. & Panayiotou, Gregoris, 2010. "Wind energy potential assessment in Naxos Island, Greece," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(2), pages 577-586, February.
    19. Foley, A.M. & Ó Gallachóir, B.P. & McKeogh, E.J. & Milborrow, D. & Leahy, P.G., 2013. "Addressing the technical and market challenges to high wind power integration in Ireland," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 692-703.
    20. Astariz, S. & Perez-Collazo, C. & Abanades, J. & Iglesias, G., 2015. "Towards the optimal design of a co-located wind-wave farm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 15-24.
    21. Feng, Ju & Shen, Wen Zhong, 2017. "Design optimization of offshore wind farms with multiple types of wind turbines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 1283-1297.
    22. Kausche, Michael & Adam, Frank & Dahlhaus, Frank & Großmann, Jochen, 2018. "Floating offshore wind - Economic and ecological challenges of a TLP solution," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 270-280.
    23. Ryan Wiser & Karen Jenni & Joachim Seel & Erin Baker & Maureen Hand & Eric Lantz & Aaron Smith, 2016. "Expert elicitation survey on future wind energy costs," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 1(10), pages 1-8, October.
    24. Igwemezie, Victor & Mehmanparast, Ali & Kolios, Athanasios, 2019. "Current trend in offshore wind energy sector and material requirements for fatigue resistance improvement in large wind turbine support structures – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 181-196.
    25. Myhr, Anders & Bjerkseter, Catho & Ågotnes, Anders & Nygaard, Tor A., 2014. "Levelised cost of energy for offshore floating wind turbines in a life cycle perspective," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 714-728.
    26. Hong, Lixuan & Möller, Bernd, 2011. "Offshore wind energy potential in China: Under technical, spatial and economic constraints," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(7), pages 4482-4491.
    27. Chadee, Xsitaaz T. & Clarke, Ricardo M., 2018. "Wind resources and the levelized cost of wind generated electricity in the Caribbean islands of Trinidad and Tobago," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2526-2540.
    28. Schallenberg-Rodríguez, Julieta & García Montesdeoca, Nuria, 2018. "Spatial planning to estimate the offshore wind energy potential in coastal regions and islands. Practical case: The Canary Islands," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 91-103.
    29. Díaz, H. & Guedes Soares, C., 2020. "An integrated GIS approach for site selection of floating offshore wind farms in the Atlantic continental European coastline," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    30. Cavazzi, S. & Dutton, A.G., 2016. "An Offshore Wind Energy Geographic Information System (OWE-GIS) for assessment of the UK's offshore wind energy potential," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(P1), pages 212-228.
    31. Carlos Perez-Collazo & Deborah Greaves & Gregorio Iglesias, 2018. "A Novel Hybrid Wind-Wave Energy Converter for Jacket-Frame Substructures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-20, March.
    32. Esteban, M. Dolores & Diez, J. Javier & López, Jose S. & Negro, Vicente, 2011. "Why offshore wind energy?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 444-450.
    33. Madariaga, A. & Martín, J.L. & Zamora, I. & Martínez de Alegría, I. & Ceballos, S., 2013. "Technological trends in electric topologies for offshore wind power plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 32-44.
    34. Caglayan, Dilara Gulcin & Ryberg, David Severin & Heinrichs, Heidi & Linßen, Jochen & Stolten, Detlef & Robinius, Martin, 2019. "The techno-economic potential of offshore wind energy with optimized future turbine designs in Europe," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    35. Foley, Aoife M. & Leahy, Paul G. & Marvuglia, Antonino & McKeogh, Eamon J., 2012. "Current methods and advances in forecasting of wind power generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 1-8.
    36. Castro-Santos, Laura & Filgueira-Vizoso, Almudena & Carral-Couce, Luis & Formoso, José Ángel Fraguela, 2016. "Economic feasibility of floating offshore wind farms," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 868-882.
    37. Vazquez, A. & Iglesias, G., 2016. "Grid parity in tidal stream energy projects: An assessment of financial, technological and economic LCOE input parameters," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 89-101.
    38. Kaldellis, J.K. & Kapsali, M., 2013. "Shifting towards offshore wind energy—Recent activity and future development," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 136-148.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ghigo, Alberto & Faraggiana, Emilio & Giorgi, Giuseppe & Mattiazzo, Giuliana & Bracco, Giovanni, 2024. "Floating Vertical Axis Wind Turbines for offshore applications among potentialities and challenges: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    2. Moradian, Sogol & Olbert, Agnieszka I. & Gharbia, Salem & Iglesias, Gregorio, 2023. "Copula-based projections of wind power: Ireland as a case study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    3. Thomas, B. & Costoya, X. & deCastro, M. & Carvalho, D. & Gómez-Gesteira, M., 2024. "Wake effect impact on the levelized cost of energy in large floating offshore wind farms: A case of study in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    4. Cabrera, Pedro & Carta, José A. & Matos, Carlos & Rosales-Asensio, Enrique & Lund, Henrik, 2024. "Reduced desalination carbon footprint on islands with weak electricity grids. The case of Gran Canaria," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 358(C).
    5. Cheynet, Etienne & Li, Lin & Jiang, Zhiyu, 2024. "Metocean conditions at two Norwegian sites for development of offshore wind farms," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    6. Pustina, L. & Serafini, J. & Pasquali, C. & Solero, L. & Lidozzi, A. & Gennaretti, M., 2023. "A novel resonant controller for sea-induced rotor blade vibratory loads reduction on floating offshore wind turbines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    7. Rogeau, Antoine & Vieubled, Julien & de Coatpont, Matthieu & Affonso Nobrega, Pedro & Erbs, Guillaume & Girard, Robin, 2023. "Techno-economic evaluation and resource assessment of hydrogen production through offshore wind farms: A European perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    8. Nytte, Sharon & Navrud, Ståle & Alfnes, Frode, 2024. "Social acceptance of new floating offshore wind power: Do attitudes towards existing offshore industries matter?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    9. Centeno-Telleria, Manu & Yue, Hong & Carrol, James & Aizpurua, Jose I. & Penalba, Markel, 2024. "O&M-aware techno-economic assessment for floating offshore wind farms: A geospatial evaluation off the North Sea and the Iberian Peninsula," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 371(C).
    10. Joensen, Bárður & Bingham, Harry B., 2024. "Economic feasibility study for wave energy conversion device deployment in Faroese waters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 295(C).
    11. Putuhena, Hugo & White, David & Gourvenec, Susan & Sturt, Fraser, 2023. "Finding space for offshore wind to support net zero: A methodology to assess spatial constraints and future scenarios, illustrated by a UK case study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    12. Martinez, A. & Murphy, L. & Iglesias, G., 2023. "Evolution of offshore wind resources in Northern Europe under climate change," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    13. Yanez-Rosales, Pablo & Río-Gamero, B. Del & Schallenberg-Rodríguez, Julieta, 2024. "Rationale for selecting the most suitable areas for offshore wind energy farms in isolated island systems. Case study: Canary Islands," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    14. Gönül, Ömer & Yazar, Fatih & Duman, A. Can & Güler, Önder, 2022. "A comparative techno-economic assessment of manually adjustable tilt mechanisms and automatic solar trackers for behind-the-meter PV applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    15. Gao, Qiang & Yuan, Rui & Ertugrul, Nesimi & Ding, Boyin & Hayward, Jennifer A. & Li, Ye, 2023. "Analysis of energy variability and costs for offshore wind and hybrid power unit with equivalent energy storage system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).
    16. Centeno-Telleria, Manu & Yue, Hong & Carrol, James & Penalba, Markel & Aizpurua, Jose I., 2024. "Impact of operations and maintenance on the energy production of floating offshore wind farms across the North Sea and the Iberian Peninsula," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    17. Martinez, A. & Iglesias, G., 2024. "Global wind energy resources decline under climate change," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    18. Gao, Qiang & Hayward, Jennifer A. & Sergiienko, Nataliia & Khan, Salman Saeed & Hemer, Mark & Ertugrul, Nesimi & Ding, Boyin, 2024. "Detailed mapping of technical capacities and economics potential of offshore wind energy: A case study in South-eastern Australia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    19. Ferreira, Victor J. & Benveniste, Gabriela & Rapha, José I. & Corchero, Cristina & Domínguez-García, Jose Luis, 2023. "A holistic tool to assess the cost and environmental performance of floating offshore wind farms," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    20. López, Mario & Claus, Rubén & Soto, Fernando & Hernández-Garrastacho, Zenaida A. & Cebada-Relea, Alejandro & Simancas, Orlando, 2024. "Advancing offshore solar energy generation: The HelioSea concept," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 359(C).
    21. López-Queija, Javier & Sotomayor, Eneko & Jugo, Josu & Aristondo, Ander & Robles, Eider, 2024. "A novel python-based floating offshore wind turbine simulation framework," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    22. Martín-Betancor, Moisés & Osorio, Javier & Ruíz-García, Alejandro & Nuez, Ignacio, 2024. "Technical-economic limitations of floating offshore wind energy generation in small isolated island power systems without energy storage: Case study in the Canary Islands," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    23. He, J.Y. & Chan, P.W. & Li, Q.S. & Lee, C.W., 2022. "Characterizing coastal wind energy resources based on sodar and microwave radiometer observations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    24. He, Guanghua & Zhao, Chuankai & Liu, Chaogang & He, Runhua & Luan, Zhengxiao, 2024. "Power absorption and dynamic response analysis of a hybrid system with a semi-submersible wind turbine and a Salter's duck wave energy converter array," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Thomas, B. & Costoya, X. & deCastro, M. & Carvalho, D. & Gómez-Gesteira, M., 2024. "Wake effect impact on the levelized cost of energy in large floating offshore wind farms: A case of study in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    2. Centeno-Telleria, Manu & Yue, Hong & Carrol, James & Aizpurua, Jose I. & Penalba, Markel, 2024. "O&M-aware techno-economic assessment for floating offshore wind farms: A geospatial evaluation off the North Sea and the Iberian Peninsula," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 371(C).
    3. Martinez, A. & Iglesias, G., 2024. "Global wind energy resources decline under climate change," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    4. Peters, Jared L. & Remmers, Tiny & Wheeler, Andrew J. & Murphy, Jimmy & Cummins, Valerie, 2020. "A systematic review and meta-analysis of GIS use to reveal trends in offshore wind energy research and offer insights on best practices," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    5. Astariz, S. & Iglesias, G., 2016. "Co-located wind and wave energy farms: Uniformly distributed arrays," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 497-508.
    6. Yanez-Rosales, Pablo & Río-Gamero, B. Del & Schallenberg-Rodríguez, Julieta, 2024. "Rationale for selecting the most suitable areas for offshore wind energy farms in isolated island systems. Case study: Canary Islands," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    7. Wan, Ling & Moan, Torgeir & Gao, Zhen & Shi, Wei, 2024. "A review on the technical development of combined wind and wave energy conversion systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    8. Clark, Caitlyn E. & Miller, Annalise & DuPont, Bryony, 2019. "An analytical cost model for co-located floating wind-wave energy arrays," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 885-897.
    9. Chen, Xinping & Foley, Aoife & Zhang, Zenghai & Wang, Kaimin & O'Driscoll, Kieran, 2020. "An assessment of wind energy potential in the Beibu Gulf considering the energy demands of the Beibu Gulf Economic Rim," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    10. Gaughan, Eilis & Fitzgerald, Breiffni, 2020. "An assessment of the potential for Co-located offshore wind and wave farms in Ireland," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    11. Rubio-Domingo, G. & Linares, P., 2021. "The future investment costs of offshore wind: An estimation based on auction results," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    12. Castro-Santos, Laura & Martins, Elson & Guedes Soares, C., 2017. "Economic comparison of technological alternatives to harness offshore wind and wave energies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(P1), pages 1121-1130.
    13. Kamila Pronińska & Krzysztof Księżopolski, 2021. "Baltic Offshore Wind Energy Development—Poland’s Public Policy Tools Analysis and the Geostrategic Implications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-17, August.
    14. Rusu, Eugen & Onea, Florin, 2019. "A parallel evaluation of the wind and wave energy resources along the Latin American and European coastal environments," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1594-1607.
    15. Wen, Yi & Kamranzad, Bahareh & Lin, Pengzhi, 2022. "Joint exploitation potential of offshore wind and wave energy along the south and southeast coasts of China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    16. Gao, Qiang & Hayward, Jennifer A. & Sergiienko, Nataliia & Khan, Salman Saeed & Hemer, Mark & Ertugrul, Nesimi & Ding, Boyin, 2024. "Detailed mapping of technical capacities and economics potential of offshore wind energy: A case study in South-eastern Australia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    17. J Charles Rajesh Kumar & D Vinod Kumar & D Baskar & B Mary Arunsi & R Jenova & MA Majid, 2021. "Offshore wind energy status, challenges, opportunities, environmental impacts, occupational health, and safety management in India," Energy & Environment, , vol. 32(4), pages 565-603, June.
    18. P Patel, Ravi & Nagababu, Garlapati & Kachhwaha, Surendra Singh & V V Arun Kumar, Surisetty & M, Seemanth, 2022. "Combined wind and wave resource assessment and energy extraction along the Indian coast," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 931-945.
    19. Guerrero-Lemus, Ricardo & Nuez, Ignacio de la & González-Díaz, Benjamín, 2018. "Rebuttal letter to the article entitled: “Spatial planning to estimate the offshore wind energy potential in coastal regions and islands. Practical case: The Canary Islands”," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 12-16.
    20. Clemente, D. & Rosa-Santos, P. & Taveira-Pinto, F., 2021. "On the potential synergies and applications of wave energy converters: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:154:y:2022:i:c:s1364032121011564. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.